Bio 103 Lab
Terms
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copy deck
- Metal tools used to pick up small items
- Forceps
- glass, used to stir solutions
- Stirring Rods
- short, used to culture bacteria
- Petri Dishes
- Porcelain plates w/ several rows of depressions. used to mix samples
- Spot Plates
- Used to write on surfraces
- Wax pencils
- nozzles filled w/ water
- Plastic Squirt bottles
- Who observed the compund eye of an insect?
- Galileo
- Ovwerved creatures found in pond water?
- Leeuwenhoek
-
Binocular?
Magnification? -
2 oculars/eyepeices
10x - Arm of microscope?
- supports oculars, attaches it to base.
- Revolving Nose Peice?
- Can be rotated to postition any 1 of several objective lenses.
- 3 Objective Lenses?
-
1) Scanning Objective: wide field of vision (4x)
2)Lower Power: narrow field (10x)
3) High Power:Smaller field of view, magnifies a specimen - Hot do you find the total magnification?
- Multiply Ocular mag. by objective mag.
- All matter is composed of ____ which is composed of _____
-
1. Elements
2. Atoms - How many elements are there?
- 92
- 4 Elements in all Living things
-
1. Oxygen
2. Carbon
3. Hydrogen
4. Nitrogen - How are molecules formed?
- Elements are chemically combined with one another.
- Compounds?
- Molecules w/ 2 or more diff. elements
- Compounds are divided into 2 groups-
-
1. Inorganic
2. Organic - Inorganic Molecules (2) and example
-
1. Small, Simple
2. Never contain atoms arranged in chains.
EX- Water - Organic Compounds
-
1. Large, Complex
2. Always contain carbon attoms arranged in chains - The general shape of an organic molecule is determined by?
- Carbon Skeleton- arrangement. of carbon atoms
- Functional Groups (6)
-
1.Amino
2. Carboxyl
3. Hydroxyl
4. Ketone
5. Aldehyde
6. Phosphate - Functional Groups determine:
- molecule's chemical properties.
- What F.G makes molecules more acidic?
- Carboxyl, Phosphate
- What F.G makes molecules more basic
- Amino
- What F.G makes molecules more polar
- Hydroxyl, Ketones, Aldehydes
- Hydrophilic(2) and ex
-
-Dissolve easily in water (polar solvent)
-Water loving
-Sugar -
Hydrocarbons (2)
Ex -
-Nonpolar
-Hydrophobic (Fear of water)
EX- Fats&oils - 4 major classes of Organic Macromolecules found in Living Things:
-
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids - 3 Different classes of Carbohydrates
-
1. Monosaccharides
2. Polysaccharides
3. Disaccharides - Monosaccharides (2and example)
-
-simplest
-serve as monomoers to build larger more complex carbohydrates
-Ex: Glucose and Fructose - Disaccharides
-
-Double Sugars, 2 mono joined together
-Ex- Sucrose(Table sugar) - Polysaccharides
-
-Complex Carbohydrates
-Long chains of monos.
Ex-Starch - How is sucrose transformed form monosaccharides Glucose&Fructose?
- Dehydration Synthesis
- Lipids (3)
-
-Hydrophobic
-Consist almost entirely of carbon &Hydrogen with no polar functional groups.
-Will not dissolve in a polar solvent -
Most Common lipid?
What is it?
Liquid, Solid?
Funtion? -
-Triglycerides
-Glycerol joined to 3 molecules called fatty acids.
-Solid=Fats Liquid=oils
-Energy Storage - Proteins? #
-
-Polymers composed of monomers called amino acids
-20 - Amino Acids
- -Central Carbon Atom, with a hydrogen atom, Carboxyl group and an amino group
- Peptide Bonds
- -indiv. amino acids linked together formed by dehydration synthesis.
- A long chain of amino acids
- Polypeptide Chain
- One of the most impt. groups of protiens?
- Enzymes: Proteins that act as catalysyst to speed up metabolic reactions w/in cells.
-
Reagents?
Negative Control?
Positive Control? -
-indicators
-Will not react w/ test reagents
-will react -
Benedicts Test
1. what?
2. color of Bendicts reagent?
3. Color change if its positive
4. Example -
1. Reducing Sugars
2. Blue
3. yellow, orange, red
4. Glucose -
Iodine Test
1. for what?
2. Color?
3. Color change=positive? -
1. Starch
2. Golden Amber
3. Blue-black -
Sudan III
1. for what?
2. Color?
3. Color Changes
4. Hydrophobic Interaction? -
1. Lipids
2. Red
3. Solid Red throughout=positive
4. Non-polar liquid separates from water forming a floating red layer. -
Biuret Test
1. what?
2. Color?
3. Color Change?
4. Reacts with? -
1. protein
2. pale blue
3. violet
4. peptide bonds - Fundamental Principle of Biology?
- 1. All living organisms are composed of cells
- 2. Cell Theory
- Cells are structural, Functional, and reproductive
-
1. Hooke
2. Leeuwenhoek
3. Shleiden & Schwann
4. Virchow -
1. term cell
2. organisims in pond water
3. plants and animals
4. Pre-existing cells - 2 types of cells and examples
-
1. Prokaryotic- no nucleus
ex: bacteria
2. Eukaryotic-nucleus
ex: animals, plants, fungi, protists - In Non-living systems how can chemical reactions be speeded up? -3
-
1. Higher temps
2. Increasing Reactants
3. Catalysts - What are cataylysts in biological sysytems>
- Enzymes, have chemical & physical stuctures
- Active Site
-
-Where the enzymes react
-Where substrates temporarily bind forming an enzyme-substrate complex - What can affect Enzymes
-
1. Denatured by extremes of temp. & PH
2. Inhibited by other chemicals - Cells constantly carry out the process of ____
-
1. Cellular Respiration
2.to make out available energy -
1. What is the reaction of cellular respiration?
2. What does it transorm into? -
1. extract energy present in chemical bonds of food molecules.
2. High Energy ATP (energy Currency) - 2 Types of Cellular Respiration
-
1. Aerobic: with oxygen, extracts more energy from food.
2. Anerobic: without oxygen, allows cells w/ low energy needs to function without oxygen. - Glucose is ________ because ____
-
-oxidized
-Hydrogens are removed from glucose and donated to oxygen (forming water) - Respiration without Oxygen
- Fermentation
- How can we measure Respiration?
-
-Amount of oxygen/glucose used
-Amount of Carbon dioxide/energy produced - 2 Events in Cell Division
-
1. Mitosis
2. Cytokinesis - Parts of Mitosis:
-
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telephase -
Cytokinesis?
When? -
1. Division of cytoplasm, creates 2 daughter cells
2. Telophase -
Interphase:
1. phases and explanation -
-period of no cell dividing
1. G1 Phase: Cell growth
2. S Phase: DNA synthesis, chromosomes are replicated
3. G2 Phase: final preparations for dividin.
*Distinct nucleus and chromatin - 3 reasons why human genetics is more difficult to study
-
1. Limited knowledge of their genetic background
2. Long generation time
3. Few offspring - Pedigree
- Family tree of traits
- Incomplete Dominance examples
- Hair Form
-
Red Hair pigment?
dominant/recessive - - Dominant if you dont have Trichsiderm, which creates red hair
- Sex Linked Trait example
- Red/Green Colorblindness
- Sex Influenced Trait
-
-Index finger vs. Ring Finger length.
-Hand Clasping -
Palmaris Longus Muscle
Dominant/Recessive? - -Not having the muscle=Dominant
- ABO blood type is an example of
- Multiple Alleles
-
Sponges Characteristics
Osculum?
Ostia?
Atrium?
Chanocytes? -
1. Lack Definitive organs
-pore water leaves through
-water enters then enters the ATRIUM
-lines atrium - Spicules
- Matrix Inbetween the 2 layers of sponge, strengthens the body of sponge.
- Spongin
- - Group of sponges that have Spicules & Proteins
- Rheo=
- Pressure
- Radially Symmetrical
-
not active
Sponges, Cnidara - Bilaterally Symmetrical
-
move actively
Worms - Annelids
-
-Complete organ systems
-Earthworm - Phylum Arthropoda
- -largest species group
- Arthropods
- First organisims to adapt to terrestial life
- Segmentation
- local specialization
- Coelm
-
body cavity lined w/mesoderm
-Allows muscle layers to be split and wrap around internal organs - Seminal Vesicles
- location of testes, where sperm are produced
- Seminal Receptacles
- 4 whitish sacs, only distingusihable part of female production system
- Metanephridia
- Excretory System of paired organs
- Metanephridium
- funnel tube
- If the haploid number of chromosomes is 12, what is the diploid #
- 24
- Technical Term for division of Cytoplasm
- -Cytokinesis
- At the end of Meiosis, there are ___ daughter cells, each with the ___ number of chromosomes
-
1. 2
2. haploid - A chart that illustrates unions for several generations in a family
- Pedigree
-
Clorophyll is present in:
fungi, animal cells, bacteria, none? - None of the Above
- What influence does a catalyst have on a chemical reaction
- -speeds reaction
- Purple Stained structures inside cells
- Leucoplasts
- Functional Groups are impt. in a biological molecule b/c
- They determine it's chemical properties
- The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell is known as:
- Metabolism
- Why did boiling the enzyme catecholaske prevent it from catalyzing the oxidation of catechol
- Boiling water denatured the catecholase
- With what organisim did you demonstrate anaerobic respiration?
- Yeast
- What would the letter p look like if the whole thing could be seend under a compound microscope:
- b
- Water is an _____ molecule beacuse it does not contain carbon
- Inorganic
- In your class's experiment with anaerobic respiration you measured the accumulation of what gas?
- CO2
- Early microscopist who first observed and described animalcules and bacteria
- Leeuwenhoek
- A common Monosaccaride
- Glucose
- Collective name given to all biological catalysts
- Enzymes
- In what Eukaryotic cellular organelle do the reactions take place that make available chemical engergy
- Mitochondria
- Breadmaking involoves Anaerobic Respiration by yeasts, what effect does this have on the bread itself?
- The CO2 produced as a by produce to anaerobic respiration makes the bread rise
- t/f Biuret is the reagent used to test for the presence of starch
- False
- What group of organic compounds are all hydrophobic
- Carbohydrates
- Class of organic moleculesdo enzymes belong>
- Proteins
- Final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration
- O2
- What class of organic molecules are made up of amino acids
- Carbohydrates
- What was the source of enzyme catecholase for our experiments
- Peas
- Fermentation?
- respiration with O2
- The only organelle you could clearly see within your own cheek epithelium cells was the nuclus T/F
- True
- With what organisim did you demonstrate aerobic respiration
- Peas
- Control
- Variable used for comparison
- In your series of experiments w/ the oxidation of catechol, what substance acted as a reducing agent to reverse the oxidation reaction?
- Ascorbic Acid
- Phenylthiourea prevented catecholase from catalyzing the oxidation of catechol to quinone and the production of melanin, what do we call the effect of phenylthiourea on the functioning of catecholasee
- Inhibitant