psych Chapter 1 and 2 test
Terms
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- psychology is defined as the
- scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental process
- the majority of psychologists are
- clinical psychologists
- developmental psychologists are especially concerned with
- changes that occur throughout the life span
- couseling psychologists encourage their clients to
- clarifty their goals, overcmoe adjustment problems, meet challenges
- the mthod of learning that stresses examining one's own thoughts and feelings is
- introspection
- the contemportary psychoanalytic perspective stresses the influence of
- conscious choice and self-direction
- the school of behaviorism defined psychology as
- the scientific study of observable behavior
- one method that helps researchers gather information from many people is
- a survey
- to ensure that a sample represents a target population, researchers select
- people at random from the target population
- the longtiudinal method is concerned with observing
- the ways in which people change over time
- In a study of the ffects of caffeine on memory, participants drank a bottle of tasteless water containing 100, 50, or 0 milligrams of caffeine. The participants assigned to the group that got bottled water with no caffeine represented the ________.
- control group
- the cross-sectional metod charts changes over time by
- comparing participants from different age groups
- naturalistic observation is
- observing the way people eat in restaurants
- a placebo is often as effective as taking a medicine because
- a person's expectations affect the rsults of a treatment
- the man credited as the father of modern psychology for his work at the university of Leipzig in 1879
- Wilhelm Wundt
- Stanley Milgram's landmark study of 1962 caused the American Psychological Association to do what?
- revise ethical guidelines
- the term to describe an individual who aids the researcher in some form of deception during a study or experiment is what?
- confederate
- factor in an experiment that researchers manipulate so that they can determine its effect
- independent variable
- measure of how closely one thing is related to another
- correlation
- sample in which subgroups of a population are represented proportionally
- stratified sample
- educated guess
- hypothesis
- whole group that is the subject of a study
- target population
- group in an experiment that does not receive treatment
- control group
- study in which participants do not know wether they are receiving the treatment or not
- single-blind study
- in-depth investigation of an individual or small group
- case study
- substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person's belief in it
- placebo
- research that has no immediate application is known as....
- basic research
- B.F. skinner's concept of _________ showed that an animal is more likely to repeat an action if rewarded for it.
- reinforcement
- _______ ______ founded psycholanalysis
- Sigmund Freud
- The _____ perspective argues that people can learn by experience and by observing toehrs
- learning
- the cognitive persepctive focuses on _____ processes to explain human behavior.
- mental
- stress and health are thought to have a ______ _____ since stress goes up ans health deteriorates, or goes down.
- negative correlation
- _______ _______ can slant the results of a survey because people who volunteer to participate in research studies often differ from people who do not volunteer
- Volunteer bias
- In an experiment, the _________ ________ is the factor that varies when the independent variable is changed
- dependent variable
- _________ __________ enables researches to study the behavior of people and animals in their everyday settings
- naturalistic observation
- in a _______ ______, neither the rearchers nor the participants know who is reiving the treatment.
- experimental group
- The _______ method takes much less time than the longitudinal method, but can accompish many of the same objectives.
- cross-sectional
- This person decribed the effects of segregation on white children as well as African-American children.
- Kenneth Clark