Dr. Pickett's MIS Exam 2 Terms

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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM): a networking technology that parcels information into 8-byte cells, enabling data to be transmitted between computers from different vendors at any speed
Backbone: part of a network handling the major traffic and providing the primary path for traffic flowing to or from other networks
Broadband: high-speed transmission technology
Bus networks: network topology linking a number of computers by a single circuit with all messages broadcast to the entire network
Cable modems: modem deigned to operate over cable TV lines to provide high-speed access to the Internet or corporate intranets
Campus are network (CAN): an interconnected set of local area networks in a limited geographical area such as a college or corporate campus
Chat: live, interactive conversations over a public network
Coaxial cable: a transmission medium consisting of thickly insulated copper wire
Connectivity: the ability of computers and computer-based devices to communicate with each other and share information in a meaningful way without human intervention
Dense wavelength division and multiplexing (DWDM): technology for boosting transmission capacity of optical fiber by using many different wavelengths to carry separate streams of data over the same fiber strand at the same time
Digital subscriber line (DSL): a group of technologies providing high-capacity transmission over existing copper telephone lines
Domain name: English-like name that corresponds to the unique 32-bit numeric Internet Protocol (IP) address for each computer connected to the Internet
Domain Name System (DNS): a hierarchical system of servers maintaining a database enabling the conversion of domain names to their numeric IP addresses
E-mail: the computer to computer exchange of messages
Fiber-optic cable: a fast, light and durable transmission medium consisting of thin strands of clear glass fiber bound into cables
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): specification for retrieving and transferring files from a remote computer
Firewalls: hardware and software placed between an organizationâ€™s internal network and an external network to prevent outsiders from invading private networks
Frame relay: a shared network service technology that packages data into bundles for transmission but does not use error-correction routines
Groupware: software that provides functions and services that support the collaborative activities of work groups
Hertz: measure of frequency of electrical impulses per second, with 1 Hertz equivalent to 1 cycle per second
Home page: a World Wide Web text and graphical screen display that welcomes the user and explains the organization that has established the page
Hubs: very simple devices that connect network components, sending a packet of data to all other connected devices
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): the communications standard used to transfer pages on the Internet
Information appliance: device that has been customized to perform well a few specialized computing tasks with minimal user effort
Instant messaging: Chat service that enables participants to create their own private chat channels so that a person can be alerted whenever someone on his or her private list is online to initiate a chat session with that particular individual
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN): international standard for transmitting voice, video, image, and data to support a wide range of services over the public telephone lines
Internet Protocol (IP) address: four-part numeric address indicating a unique computer location on the Internet
Internet service provider (ISP): a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the Internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers
Internet telephony: technology that use Internet Protocol packet-switched connections for voice service
Internet: International network of networks that is a collection of hundred of thousands of private and public networks
Internetworking: the linking of separate networks, each of which retains its own identity, into an interconnected network
LISTSERV: online discussion groups using e-mail broadcast from mailing list servers
Local are network (LAN): a telecommunications network that requires its own dedicated channels and that encompasses a limited distance, usually one building or several buildings in close proximity
Metropolitan area network (MAN): network that spans a metropolitan area, usually a city and its major suburbs
Modem: a device for translating a computerâ€™s digital signals into analog form for transmission over ordinary telephone lines, or for translating analog signals back into digital form for reception by a computer
Multicasting: transmission of data to a selected group of recipients
Multiplexing: capability of a single communications channel to carry data transmissions from multiple sources simultaneously
Network interface card (NIC): expansion card inserted into a computer to enable it to connect to a network
Network operating system (NOS): special software that routes and manages communications on the network and coordinates network resources
Open systems Interconnect (OSI): less widely used network connectivity model developed by the International Organization for Standardization for linking different types of computers and networks
Optical networks: high-speed networking technologies for transmitting data in the form of light impulses
Packet switching: technology that breaks messages into small bundles of data and routes them in the most economical way through any available communications channel
Peer-to-peer: network architecture that gives equal power to all computers on the network
Protocol: a set of rules and procedures that govern transmission between the components in a network
Push technology: method of obtaining relevant information on networks by having a computer broadcast information directly to the user based on prespecified interests
Ring networks: a network topology in which all computers are linked by a closed loop in a manner that passes data in one direction from one computer to another
Router: specialized communications processor that forwards packets of data from one network to another network
Search engines: a tool for locating specific sites or information on the Internet
Search-based advertising: payment to a search service to display a sponsored link to a companyâ€™s Web site as a way of advertising that company
Semantic Web: collaborative effort led by the World Wide Web Consortium to make Web searching efficient by reducing the amount of human involvement in searching for and processing Web information
Star network: a network topology in which all computers and other devices are connected to a central host computer
Switch: device to connect network components that has more intelligence than a hub and can filter and forward data to a specified destination
T lines: high speed data lines leased from communications providers, such as T-1 lines (with a transmission capacity of 1.544 megabits per second)
Teamware: group collaboration software that is customized for teamwork
Telnet: network tool that enables someone to log on to one computer system while doing work on another
Topology: the way in which the components of a network are connected
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP): dominant model for achieving connectivity among different networks
Twisted wire: a transmission medium consisting of pairs of twisted copper wires
Unified messaging: system combining voice messages, e-mail, and fax so that all messages can all be obtained from a single system
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): the address of a specific resource on the Internet
Voice over IP (VOIP): facilities for managing the delivery of voice information using the Internet Protocol (IP)
Webmaster: the person in charge of an organizationâ€™s Web site
Wide are networks (WANs): telecommunications network that spans a large geographical distance
2.5G networks: wireless digital cellular networks that provide higher-speed data transmission rates ranging from 50 to 144 kilobits per second (Kbps) using the existing cellular network infrastructure
3G networks: cellular networks based on packet-switched technology with speeds ranging from 144 kilobits per second (Kbps) for mobile users to over 2 megabits per second (Mbps) for stationary users enabling users to transmit video, graphics, and other rich media, in addition to voice
802.11b: wireless local area network (LAN) standard that can transmit up to 11 megabits per second (Mbps) in the unlicensed 2.4-GHz band and that has an effective distance of 30 to 50 meters
Access point: box in a wireless local area network (LAN) consisting of a radio receiver/transmitter and antennas that link to a wired network, router, or hub
Bluetooth: standard for wireless personal area networks that can transmit up to 722 kilobits per second within a 10-meter area
Cellular telephones (cell phones): a device that transmits voice or data, using radio waves to communicate with radio antennas placed within adjacent geographic areas called cells
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): major cellular transmission standard in the U.S. that transmits over several frequencies, occupies the entire spectrum, and randomly assigns users to a range of frequencies over time
E-mail handhelds: handheld devices for wireless data transmission that includes a small display screen and a keypad for typing short e-mail messages
EV-DO: technology used in Verizonâ€™s cellular network service for providing anytime, anywhere broadband wireless Internet access for PCs and other devices at average speeds of 300 to 500 kilobits per second
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS): 2.5G service that transports data over Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) wireless networks and improves wireless Internet access
Global Positioning System (GPS): worldwide satellite navigational system
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM): major cellular transmission standard outside the U.S. with strong international roaming capability that operates primarily in the 900-megahertz (MHz) and 1.8-gigahertz (GHz) frequency bands using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) in which each user is allocated a portion of time on the frequency
Hotspot: a specific geographic location in which an access point provides public Wi-Fi network service
I-mode: standard developed by Japanâ€™s NTT DoCoMo mobile phone network for enabling cell phones to receive Web-based content and services
Microbrowser: web browser software with a small file size that can work with low-memory constraints, tiny screens of handheld wireless devices, and low bandwidth of wireless networks
Microwave: a high-volume, long-distance, point-to-point transmission in which high-frequency radio signals are transmitted through the atmosphere from on terrestrial transmission station to another
Mobile computing: wireless computing that enables Internet-enabled cell phones, person digital assistant (PDAs), and other wireless computing devices to access digital information from the Internet and other sources from any location
Mobile wallets (m-wallets): software that stores m-commerce shoppersâ€™ personal information and credit card numbers to expedite the purchase process
Nomadic computing: wireless computing where users move form wireless hot spot to wireless hot spot to gain network or Internet access
Paging systems: a wireless transmission technology in which the pager beeps when the user receives a message
Personal area networks (PANs): computer network used for communication among digital devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants, or PDAs) that are close to another
Personal digital assistants (PDAs): small, pen-based, handheld computers with built-in wireless telecommunications capable of entirely digital communications transmission
Pervasive computing: ubiquitous use of computers in every facet of everyday life, including cars, homes, office buildings, tools, and factories, making computers increasingly embedded in peopleâ€™s natural movements and interactions with their environments
Radio frequency identification (RFID): technology using tiny tags with embedded microchips containing data about an item and its location to transmit short-distance radio signal to special RFID readers that then pass the data on to a computer for processing
Satellites: the transmission of data using orbiting satellites that serve as relay stations for transmitting microwave signals over very long distances
Short message service (SMS): text message services used by digital cell phone systems to send and receive short alphanumeric messages less than 160 characters in length
Smart phones: wireless phone with voice, text, and Internet capabilities
Telematics: wireless services that combine wireless communication with tracking capabilities from the Global Positioning System (GPS)
Voice portals: capability for accepting voice commands for accessing Web content, e-mail, and other electronic applications from a cell phone or standard telephone and for translating responses to user requests for information into speech for the customer
Wi-Fi: standards for Wireless Fidelity and refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of wireless networking standards
Wimax: popular term for IEEE Standard 802.16 for wireless networking over a range of up to 31 miles with a data transfer rate of up to 75 megabits per second (Mpbs)
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP): system of protocols and technologies that enables cell phones and other wireless devices with tiny displays, low-bandwidth connections, and minimal memory to access Web-based information services
Wireless Markup Language (WML): markup language for wireless Web sites
Wireless NICs: an add-in card (network interface card) that has a built-in radio and antenna to enable wireless transmission
Wireless portals: portals with content and services optimized for mobile deices to steer users to the information they are most likely to need
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs): networks of interconnected wireless devices with built-in processing, storage, and radio-frequency sensors and antennas that are embedded into the physical environment to provide measurements of many points over large spaces
Zigbee: protocol that handles application-level communication between devices in a wireless sensor network
Accumulated balance digital payment systems: systems enabling users to make micropayments and purchases on the Web, accumulating a debit balance on their credit card or telephone bill
Banner ad: a graphic display on a Web page used for advertising
Blog: popular term for Weblog, designating an informal yet structured Web site where individuals can publish stories, opinions, and links to other Web sites of interest
Business model: an abstraction of what an enterprise is and how the enterprise delivers a product or service, showing how the enterprise creates wealth
Business-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce: electronic sales of goods and services among businesses
Business-to-consumer (B2C) electronic commerce: electronic retailing of products and services directly to individual consumers
Call center: an organizational department responsible for handling customer service issues by telephone and other channels
Channel conflict: competition between two or more different distribution chains used to sell the products or services of the same company
Clicks-and-mortar: business model where the Web site is an extension of a traditional bricks-and-mortar business
Clickstream tracking: tracking data about customer activities at Web sites and storing them in a log
Collaborative commerce: the use of digital technologies to enable multiple organizations to design, develop, build, and manage products collaboratively through product life cycles
Collaborative filtering: tracking usersâ€™ movements on a Web site, comparing the information gleaned about a userâ€™s behavior against data about other customers with similar interests to predict what the user would like to see next
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) electronic commerce: consumers selling goods and services electronically to other consumers
Digital cash: currency that is represented in electronic form that moves outside the normal network of money
Digital checking: systems that extend the functionality of existing checking accounts so they can be used for online shopping payments
Digital credit card payment systems: secure service for credit card payments on the Internet that protects information transmitted among users, merchant sites, and processing banks
Digital wallet: software that stores credit card, electronic cash, owner identification, and address information and provides this data automatically during electronic commerce purchase transactions
Disintermediation: the removal of organizations or business process layer responsible for certain intermediary steps in a value chain
Dynamic pricing: pricing of items based on real-time interactions between buyers and sellers that determine what an item is worth at any particular moment
Electronic billing presentment and payment system: a system used for paying routine monthly bills that enables users to view their bills electronically and pay them through electronic funds transfers from banks or credit card accounts
Electronic data interchange (EDI): the direct computer-to-computer exchange between two organizations of standard business transactions, such as orders, shipment instructions, or payments
Electronic payment systems: the use of digital technologies, such as credit cards, smart cards, and Internet-based payment systems, to pay for products and services electronically
Exchanges: third-party Net marketplace that is primarily transaction oriented and that connects many buyers and suppliers for spot purchasing
Information asymmetry: situation in which the relative bargaining power of two parties in a transaction is determined by one party in the transaction possessing more information essential to the transaction than the other party
Micropayment: payment for a very small sum of money, often less than $10
Mobile commerce (m-commerce): the use of wireless devices, such as cell phones or handheld digital information appliances, to conduct both business-to-consumer and business-to-business e-commerce transactions over the Internet
Net marketplaces: a single digital marketplace based on Internet technology that links many buyers to many sellers
Peer-to-peer payment systems: electronic payment system for people who want to send money to vendors or individuals who are not set up to accept credit card payments
Pop-up ads: ad that opens automatically and does not disappear until the user clicks it
Private exchange: another term for a private industrial network
Private industrial networks: Web-enabled networks linking systems of multiple firms in an industry or the coordination of transorganizational business processes
Procurement: sourcing goods and materials, negotiating with suppliers, paying for goods, and making delivery arrangements
Pure-play: business models based purely on the Internet
Reach: measurement of how many people a business can connect with and how many products it can offer those people
Reintermediation: the shifting of the intermediary role in a value chain to a new source
Richness: measurement of the depth and detail of information that a business can supply to the customer as well as information the business collects about the customer
Search costs: the time and money spent locating a suitable product and determining the best price for that product
Smart card: a credit-card-sized plastic card that stores digital information and that can be used for electronic payments in place of cash
Social networking sites: online communities for expanding usersâ€™ business or social contacts by making connections through their mutual business or personal connections
Stored value payments systems: systems enabling consumers to make instant online payments to merchants and other individuals based on value stored in a digital account
Syndicators: a business that aggregates content or applications from multiple sources, packages them for distribution, and resells them to third-party Web sites
Web personalization: the tailoring of Web content directly to a specific user
Acceptable use policy (AUP): defines acceptable uses of the firmâ€™s information resources and computing equipment, including desktop and laptop computers, wireless devices, telephones, and the Internet, and specifies consequences for noncompliance
Access control: policies and procedures a company uses to prevent improper access to systems by unauthorized insiders and outsiders
Administrative controls: formalized standards, rules, procedures, and disciplines to ensure that the organizationâ€™s controls are properly executed and enforced
Antivirus software: software designed to detect, and often eliminate, computer viruses from an information system
Application controls: specific controls unique to each computerized application
Application proxy filtering: firewall screening technology that uses a proxy server to inspect and transmit data packets flowing into and out of the organization so that all the organizationâ€™s internal applications communicate with the outside using a proxy application
Authentication: the ability of each party in a transaction to ascertain the identity of the other party
Authorization policies: policies that determine differing levels of access to information assets for different levels of users in an organization
Authorization management systems: systems for allowing each user access only to those portions of a system or the Web that person is permitted to enter, based on information established by a set of access rules
Biometric authentication: technology for authenticating system users that compares a personâ€™s unique characteristics, such as fingerprints, face, or retinal image, against a stored set profile of these characteristics
Bugs: program code defects or errors
Business continuity planning: planning that focuses on how the company can restore business operations after a disaster strikes
Chief security officer (CSO): person who manages a formal security function for the organization and who is responsible for enforcing the firmâ€™s security policy
Clustering: linking two computers together so that the second computer can act as a backup to the primary computer or speed up processing
Computer forensics: the scientific collection, examination, authentication, preservation, and analysis of data held on or retrieved from computer storage media in such a way that the information can be used as evidence in a court of law
Computer virus: rogue software program that attaches itself to other software programs or data files in order to be executed, often causing hardware and software malfunctions
Controls: all of the methods, policies, and procedures that ensure protection of the organizationâ€™s assets, accuracy and reliability of its records, and operational adherence to management standards
Cracker: hacker with criminal intent
Cybervandalism: the intentional disruption, defacement, or even destruction of a Web site or corporate information system
Debugging: the process of discovering and eliminating the errors and defectsâ€”bugsâ€”in program code
Denial of service (DoS) attack: flooding a network server or Web server with false communications or requests for services in order to crash the network
Digital certificates: an attachment to an electronic message to verify the identity of the sender and to provide the receiver with the means to encode a reply
Digital signature: a digital code that can be attached to an electronically transmitted message to uniquely identify its contents and the sender
Disaster recovery planning: planning for the restoration of computing and communication services after they have been disrupted
Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack: uses numerous computers to inundate and overwhelm the network from numerous launch points
Downtime: period of time in which an information system is not operational
Electronic records management (ERM): software dealing with employee issues that are closely related to customer relationship management (CRM), such as setting objectives, employee performance management, performance-based compensation, and employee training
Encryption: the coding and scrambling of messages to prevent their being read or accessed without authorization
Fault-tolerant computer systems: systems that contain extra hardware, software, and power supply components that can back up a system and keep it running to prevent system failure
General controls: overall controls that establish a framework for controlling the design, security, and use of computer programs throughout an organization
Gram-Leach-Bliley Act: requires financial institutions to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer data
Hacker: a person who gains unauthorized access to a computer network for profit, criminal mischief, or personal pleasure
High-availability computing: tools and technologies, including backup hardware resources, that enable a system to recover quickly form a crash
HIPAA: the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (page 353)
Identity theft: theft of key pieces of personal information, such as credit card or Social Security numbers, to obtain merchandise and services in the name of the victim or to obtain false credentials
Input controls: the procedures to check data for accuracy and completeness when they enter the system
Intrusion detection systems: tools to monitor the most vulnerable points in a network to detect and deter unauthorized users
ISO 17799: an international set of standard for security and control for protection of information resources
Load balancing: distribution of large numbers of requests for access among multiple servers so that no single device is overwhelmed
Malware: malicious software programs
Managed security service providers (MSSPs): company that provides security management services for subscribing clients
Message integrity: the ability to ascertain whether a transmitted message has been copied or altered
Mirroring: duplicating all the processes and transactions of a server on a backup server to prevent any interruption in service if the primary server fails
MIS audit: identifies all the controls that govern individual information systems and assesses their effectiveness
Network Address Translation (NAT): provides another layer of protection when static packet filtering and stateful inspection are employed
Online transaction processing: transaction processing mode in which transactions entered online are immediately processed by the computer
Output controls: measures that ensure that the results of computer processing are accurate, complete, and properly distributed
Packet filtering: examines selected fields in the headers of data packets flowing back and forth between the trusted network and the Internet, examining individual packets in isolation
Phishing: setting up fake Web sites or sending e-mail messages that look like those of legitimate businesses to ask users for confidential data
Processing controls: the routines for establishing that data are complete and accurate during updating
Public key infrastructure (PKI): system for creating public and private keys using a certificate authority (CA) and digital certificates for authentication
Recovery-oriented computing: computer systems designed to recover rapidly when mishaps occur
Risk assessment: determining the potential frequency of the occurrence of a problem and the potential damage if the problem were to occur
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: designed to protect investors after the financial scandals at Enron, WorldCom, and other public companies
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP): protocol used for encrypting data flowing over the Internet, but it is limited to Web documents
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL): protocol used for secure information transfer over the Internet
Security: policies, procedures, and technical measures used to prevent unauthorized access, alteration, theft, or physical damages to information systems
Security policy: consists of statements ranking information risks, identifying acceptable security goals, and identifying the mechanisms for achieving these goals
Sniffer: a type of eavesdropping program that monitors information traveling over a network
Social engineering: tricking people into revealing their passwords by pretending to be legitimate users or members of a company in need of information
Spoofing: misrepresent themselves by using fake e-mail addresses or masquerading as someone else
Stateful inspection: provides additional security by determining whether packets are part of an ongoing dialogue between a sender and a receiver
Token: a physical device similar to an identification card that is designed to prove the identity of a single user
Transport Layer Security (TSL): protocols used for secure information transfer over the Internet
Trojan horse: a software program that appears legitimate but contains a second hidden function that may cause damage
Walkthrough: a review of a specification or design document by a small group of people that has been carefully selected based on the skills needed for the particular objectives being tested
War driving: eavesdroppers drive by buildings or park outside and try to intercept wireless network traffic
Worms: independent software programs that propagate themselves to disrupt the operation of computer networks or destroy data and other programs

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