TAMS, Dr. Jag, Biology, Ch. 33
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- What is the minimum requirement for being classified as a mollusk?
- A coelom.
- What basic body parts do mollusks have?
- A visceral mass, foot, mantle, gills, and sometimes a head.
- Describe the mollucks shell.
- It has a horny outher layer, a crystalline calcium carbonate middle layer, and a pearly inner layer.
- What is a bivalve mollusk?
- A mollusk with two shells. (i.e. clams or oysters)
- What is the radula?
- A rasping, tongulike feeding organ present in all mollusks except for bivalves.
- What do mollusks use to get rid of nitrogenous wastes? Descirbe them.
- Nephridia. They contain a funnel-like nephrostome that leads to a bladder which leads to an excretory pore.
- What are the free-swimming larvae of mollusks called? What stage follows this larva stage?
- Trochophores. The veliger stage (has beginnings of foot, shell, and mantle).
- How many calcareous plates are in the shell of polyplacophoras (chitons)?
- Eight.
- What is torsion? What is coiling?
- The process of the mantle cavity and anus moving to the front of gastropods. The spiral-winding of the gastropod shell.
- How are cephalopods so much different from other mollusks?
- They have highly developed nervous systems, close circulatory systems, high intelligence, no external shell, chromatophores, and a means of jet propulsion
- What is the minimum requirement for being classified as an annelid?
- Segmentation.
- What are the three principal features of annelids?
- Repeated segments with septa inbetween, specialized segments, and connections between the segments.
- What are the sections of the annelid digestive track?
- The pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine.
- What are setae?
- Bristles of chitin that help anchor worms during locomotion.
- What are the three annelid classes?
- Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea.
- What is a clitellum?
- An organ both leeches and oligochaetes have which secretes a cocoon specialized to receive eggs.
- What are parapodia?
- Paired, fleshy, paddlelike flaps on polychaetes used for swimming, burrowing, or crawling.
- What is a lophophore? What three phylum have them?
- A circular or U-shaped ridge around the mouth with tentacles. It is a surface for gas exchange and food-collection. Phoronida, Ectoprocta, and Brachiopoda.
- What two new innovation arose as arthropods developed from annelids? How successful have arthropods been?
- Jointed appendages and exoskeletons. They are the most successful of all animals.
- Do more advanced arthropods have more or fewer jointed appendages?
- Fewer.
- What is the arthropod exoskeleton made of?
- Chitin (similar to cellulose) and protein. Crustaceans may also add calcium salts.
- What are tagmata? What is the process of them being formed? What is a cephalothorax?
- Groups of body segments fused together. Tagmatatization. A tagma of an arthropod's head with its thorax.
- Arthropods go through ecdysis. What does ecdysis mean?
- Molting.
- What is a compound eye like? What are simple eyes also known as?
- A compound eye is composed of many units called ommatidia, each with a lens, some retinular cells, and a light-sensitive rhabdom. Ocelli.
- What is the arthropod nervous system like?
- There is a double chain of segmented ganglia down the ventral surface, and three fused pairs of dorsal ganglia making the brain. Many body functions can be carried out without the brain.
- What is the arthropod respiratory system like?
- Air passes through spiracle, holes in the exoskelton, into the trachea which branches into small tracheoles.
- What are Malpighian tubules?
- An excretory organ in arthropods which converts wastes into uric acid or guanine for excretion.
- Describe crustaceans.
- They have two pairs of antennae, three types of chewing appendages, various numbers of leg pairs, mandibles, and a nauplius larva stage.
- What are swimmerets, uropods, and telsons?
- Swimmerets are appendages used for reproduction and swimming. Uropods are paddles at the end of the abdomen, and telsons are tail spines.
- What are chelicerae?
- Anterior appendages used by arachnids as pincers or fangs.
- What are pedipalps?
- Appendages on arachnids resembling legs, but not used for locomotion. Can be copulatory organs or pincers.
- What are book lungs?
- A respiratory organ of arachnids that is a series of leaflike plates within a chamber.
- Are centipedes herbivores or carnivores? Millipedes?
- Carnivores. Mostly herbivores.
- Describe insects.
- They have three body sections (head, thorax, abdomen), three leg pairs, and one pair of antennae.
- What is the fat body?
- It is a group of cells in the insect that stores food and functions somewhat like a liver.
- How do insects sense things about their environment and communicate with other insects?
- Sensory hairs sense mechanical and chemical stimulations. Tympanums sense sounds. Pheromones are used to communicate.
- What is metamorphosis? What is the difference between simple and complete metamorphosis?
- Change in life stages. Simple meta involves just an increase in size. Complete meta has different looking stages like the larvae, the pupa/chrysalis, and adult.
- What new evolutionary developments do echinoderms have?
- Deuterostome development, endoskeletons, and a water-vascular system.
- What is strange about echinoderm symmetry?
- They are bilaterally symmetrical as larvae, but radially symmetrical as adults. This is called secondary radial symmetry.
- What is the echinoderm nervous system like?
- It has a central nerve ring with branches.
- Describe the water vascular system.
- It has five radial canals, a madreporite to let water in, and tube feet with ampullas at the end of them.
- What are papulae?
- Fingerlike extensions of the coelom in echinoderms that aid in respiration and waste removal.
- What are the six living phyla of echinoderms?
- Crinoidea, asteroidea, ophiuroidea, echinoidea, holothuroidea, and concentricycloidea.
- Who are you going to vote for MHA president?
- Robert Fromm.