Worlde Histroy Final
Terms
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- Paleolitic
- old stone age,2.5 million-12000 BC
- Mesolithic
- Middle ages 12000-8000BC
- Neolithic
- New age 8000-3000 BC
- Specilization
- ability of humans to concentrate on tasks not directly related to survival
- Myth
- traditional stories about gods, ancestors, or heros to explain natural worlds(customs beliefs of a society)
- Cultural diffusion
- spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another
- Barter System
- system of trade in which people exchange goods & services w/o the use money)
- Civilization
- form of culture charaterized by cities, specialized workers, complex institution, record keeping & advaced technology
- Catal Huyuk
- Oldest found city
-
How society changed from early man in meso.& Neo eras
(hint there are 3) -
Domestication
Sickle
Pottery - Domestication
- training animals for human use
- Sickle
- used to cut down grain
- Pottery
- clay pots for storage
- Mene
- King,who created a double crown, from red and white crowns,unites 2 kingdoms and name it memphis
- Hyksos
- Asian war-like nomads, who beats Eqyptions b/c of use of Bronze weapons
- Akhenaton
- pharon;whose a vision came up came up w/idea of one god's sun god ran and had Egyption religion changed to monothesis
- What contribuations to civilization did the Sumerians?
- irrigation-carried river to a wheel these fieilds and allowed them to have unified writting surplus of crops
- what are the 5 charateristic of sumerian civilization
-
advanced cities
specialized workers
complex instutitions
record keeping
advancded technology - Sargon I
- caonqueror who defeated the city-states of Sumer,(created 1st empire)
- Ziggurat
- where the priest applead to the gods for well being ,also go-between w/Gods also city hall, Harrapa in present day packistan
- what is religion of the Summerians?
-
polytheistic
god/goddess had human virtues(man created in their form)
no heaven/hell - What is the code of hammurabi?
- It brought everyone together to have one set of concerte rules,1st law code
- Epic of Gilgamesh vs. Old Testament
-
-flood-
-paradise-
-snake/serpant-
-apple/flower-immorality
-Flood- - Harappa
- city named civilization,well planned and laid out, had sepprate neighborhoods
- Aryans
- nomads that moved into india ,from asia
- Monsoons
- winds,wet=south,Dry=North, unpredictable and caused either floods or doughts
- Shang Dynasty
- 1st family of Chinese rulers to leave written records
- Oracle Bones
- animal bones & tortuise shells on which priests scratched questions for the gods
- Han Dynasty
- Cunfician scholars running gov't, grain warehouse,incase of famine expanded,gov't based on cunticition idea's,had exminations
- Qin Dynasty
- expanded roads and canals, standardized carts wheels,gauge, oppressions againest confucians scholars,great wall of china
- Zhou Dynasty
- overthrew Shang Dynasty
- Vedas
- religious teachings that came w/Aryan's:all oral
- Karma
- life is determained in this one on how you do in the next
- Dharma
- duty,how you were expected to act/do
- Varna
- system distinguished by skin, color, family, rigid caste sytem
- Mosksha
- vitamite release once you reach your highest level
- Four Major Truths
-
Buddha's 1st sermon
1.all existene is suffering
2.suffering is caused by desire
3.to end suffering, stop desiring
4.Follow the 8th Fold Path -
Eightfold Path
C
R
F
W
R
K
S
P -
1.Control thoughts
2.Resist evil
3.free mind of evil
4.work for the good of others
5.repect life
6.know truth
7.say nothing to hurt others
8.Practice meditation - Siddhartha Guatama
- Buddha memeber of warrior Varna,prince
- Theravada
- Tradtional Buddihism
- Mahayana
- Budda's is diety
- Recarnation
- any and of rebirth
- Major events in life of Buddha
-
leaves place 4 times
-old man-
funeral
sickman
monk
Great renounciation
tree enlightment
4 Noble truths - Toran
- 1st 5 Books of Hebrew bible,most sacred writings in Jewish tradition
- Babylonian Captivity
- when Babylonians captured Israelites and they were the 1st to wrote down there stories
- Judaism was differnet b/c
- monothesis
- Confucius
- grew up a scholar, taught students to learn and rulers to rule, devolped philosophey on how to create a democracy
- Lao Tse
- founder of Daoism
- Legalist
- strict,negitive view of human nature,man is animal by nature and must be trained
- What do Jesus, Budda,Confucius and Socrates have in common
- none of them wrote anything down
- Daomism
- is concerned w/this world -Ying Yang
- Myceneans
- white people who moved w/Heliamous,War-Like people who bulit fortresses on hill tops ,learned bronze from minoans
- Dorians
- had iron weapons, supierior to bronze, learning declined and trading stopped
- Minoans
- 1st ancient Greek civilization named after Mythical creature ,Minotar,destroyed by volcano- Thera
- Lonians
- decendents from those who fled Dorians,Brought back alphabet,Oligarchies
- Geography of Grecce
- many island and city-state-sea
- Athens and Sparta Alike
- Both are greek city states
- Athena and Sparta Different
-
Sparta-war based
Athena-based on lituratue and music
Sparta-men warriors and women =baby makers
Athens-men intelliectual,women=not - athenaian decormany
- Citizen:male,18years old;born of citizens parents
- Democratic Athens
-
Citizen-male, 18yrs, born of citizen parents
laws voted on and proposed directly by assambly and citizens
Leader is chosen by lot
Excetive branch had 500 men
Juries varied in size
No attorney;No appels and one day trials
political power was exercise by the people
3 branches
legislative passes laws
excuise carries out the law
judicial enfosies laws - Cleithenes
- he knew you couldn't have aristocracy he said they had to share power w/people ,established basic principals of democracy
- The Athenians Revolt
- Athenians revolted againest gov't and were successful
- monarchy
-
gov't in which Power is in the hands of a single person
*State ruled by a king
*rule is heredity
*some rulars claim divine rights
*Practiced in Mycenae - Oligarchy
-
ruled by few
*State ruled by a small group of citizens
*rule is based on wealth
*ruling group controls military
*In Sparta - Decmocracy
-
state ruled by it citizens of through represitives
rule is based on citizenship
majoirty rule decides
In Athans - Why was the Persian wars so significant?
-
*Greek-city-states felt a new sense of confidence and freedom
*Athens was based in glory
*Athens became the leader of 140 city states
*Athens used its large navy to control the other league members - Phalanx
- military formation of foot soliders armed with spears and shields.
- Marathon
- Pheidippides runs from Marathon to Athans as fast as possible and brought news of Perisan's defeat then collapsed and died
- Salamis
- a few miles southwest of Athens
- Why was the Golden Age titles the Goldern Age?
- because art,music,theateher,and science and mathmatic di=iscovers acord.also Athans had a lot of gold
- Socrates
- sophist philosopher,he believed that absoulte standards did exist for truth and jusidence.
- Plato
- students of socrates, philospher,who thought an intelligent and insightful person should be choosen
- Aristotle
- philopher who questioned nature of world and of human thought,belief and knoweledge
- Pericles
- wise and skillful politions who wanted to strenghten Athenian democracy, hold and strenghten empire , and glorify Athens
- Greek sturcture characteristics:
-
figures graceful
strong and perfectly formed
faces showed only serenity
vaules of order, balance, porportion - What events lead to the decline of athens during the peloponnesian?
-
Plague
in 404BC Athens surrenders and they lost power, wealth, and empire - How was the dealth of socrates significicant?
- He was the first to die for what he believed in.Also he was a scapegoat for the war.
- who were the great playwrights and charateristic of drama?
-
2 types of drama
Tragedy(about heros) and Comendy(satire)
actors wear huge boots and masks
Sophocles-Greek playwright introduced 3rd actor,making conflict possible
Aristophane-wrote comedies
Aeschylus-added 3rd actor
Thesbis-became 1st actor - Phillip of Macedon
- wanted to take control of Greece,he used 16x16 phalanx and calvery
- Hellenism
- principals or ideas realted to the greeks,under alexander the great,age that had change in thought
- Philosophies of Stoicism
- created by zeno,accept what happens and don't try and change it,don't seek out pain and viture source of wisdom that comes from morality
- Philosophies of Epicureanism
- Pleasure is purpose of life but avoiding habits that bring pain, health,frustuation and desire.
- Philosophies of Synicism
- radical doctrine of moral-self suffenciracy, rejected materialism
- Hellenistic Sculpure vs.Classical
- more dramatic,movent and or action shown, more based on humans
- Geography of Italy
- mountains N and middle of sea ,open plains
- Etruscacns
-
built iron weapons and tools
artist
supersious religion
disicpled army - Cynicism
- radical doctrine of moral-self suffenciracy, rejected matericalism
- Greeks
- brought olives and grapes-a alphabet
- Laitn
-
drained swamps
intro the brick
forum-central place - Senate
- 300 men,served for life
- Consul
- 2 commanders-in-chief
- Censor
- Census takers and tax assesors
- Tribune
- safeguard,represented people
- Functions of Repulication gov't
-
sente
Consul - Hannibal
- military genius,had hatered of Rome
- Cannae
- Battle where Haniball conplelly surrounds an army(very rare)
- Zama
- battle where haniball is defeated
- Punic Wars
- effects: new territory, elimation of rival, new territories, needed civil service ,farms,destoryed people killed
- Accomplishments of Caesar:
-
public works project
urban revivial
Calender
land reform
flood control
cultural expansion - Julius Claudian Emperors
- emperors immeadiality after Augustus
- Good Emperors
- series of Good Emperors
- Hadrian's Wall
- barriar of stopping of me Roman Empire
- Accomplishments of Augustus
-
reforming city
1st police and fire dept
great public works
reduced size of army
established formal pension - How did Diolectian and change the empire?
-
Dicoletion
divided empire
froze occupation
raised taxes
improve collection method of taxas - How did Constantine change the empire?
-
had churchs bulit
called 1st church consol
Passed Edict of Milian
Believed in Christian god after Milvian bridge - Peter
- one of the first apostles
- Paul
- apostle had enormas influance on christanity devolpment ,never met Christ
- Battle of the Milvian Bridge
- Where Constine had ephiphany and saw cross,painted it on sheilds,won battle
- Edict of Milan
- passed by constantine,it granted religoius freedom
- Hijira
- migration,when muhammad and his followers moved to Yathrib
- Quaran
- Islamic Holy book,which was god's words as reveled to muhammad
- Mecca
- where muhammad began to preach publicly
- Medina
- aka yathrib renamed to mean"city of the prophet"
- What are the 5 pillers of islam?
-
Faith
Alms
Fasting
Prayer
Pilgrimage - Faith
- has to say "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messager of Allah."Said daily and in islamic rituals.
- Prayer
- 5 times a day ,face Mecca,
- Alms
- supporting the poor
- Fasting
- during Ramadan they fast from from sunset to sunrise
- Pilgramage
- they are suuposed to go on a hajj.
- Shi'a
- the branch of Islam whose members acknowlege Ali and his desendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad
- Sunni
- the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad
- Clovis
- 1st leader to accept christanity, established merovian an dynasty
- Battle of Tours
- battle that stopped the spread of muslism empire
- "Carolingian Renissance"
- established schoolgy irish, scholars were teachers economy went UP,money used again ,public work projects
- Treaty of Verdun
- broke up empire into,Germany France and Celtic Belt
- Magyars
- plunders,horse riding people from central Asia
- Dark Ages
- learning scare,money was lost,no legal system and economy stragnated
- Dim Age
- leaning,was scarce but it still occured
- Accopmlishments of Charlemagne:
-
added terriory to Frankish empire
estblished system of governers courts who traveled throught region to solve promblems
encouragment to learning - What happen after Charlamane died?
- Loius& Loius's 3 sons fought over crown=>civil war=>Treaty of Verdan=>loss of King's power
- Vassal
- person reciving a fief
- fief
- land,granted by land owner,given in exchange for military protection
- Serf
- people who could not lawfully leave the place they were born ,bound through land
- Manor
- lord's estate
- Chivalry
- code complex set of ideals demanded a knight bravely for this 3 masters
- Benedict's rule
- rules for priests,code
- Excommunication
- taking away of a person's right of membership in a christan church
- Simony-
- selling of the church postions"preaching ordersy"
- lay investiture
- the apponiment of religious officals by kings or nobles
- Reasons for fuedal system
-
*King's power decreased ,central gov't power decrease
*people invaded by 3 people and local leaders set up and offer protection,in exchange for alligance - What is the legal and social status of serfs?
-
lord 2 vassal
land
right wrongs done 2 vassals ,oath,finical aid, tax and house him,military,relief,and fuedal aids.
Blonged w/land
not slaves
almost peasants - Describle the contributions of monoasteries to Medival society?
-
hospitals
schools - Pope Greg VII and Henry IV conflicts
-
*Pope Greg VII banned lay investiure
*Henry IV didn't like that abd sent him a letter
Pope excommmunicates Henery
Henery travels to see amd askas him for forgivness