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Biology Final for Council Rock North

Terms

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DNA
hereditary information in the form of a large molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA
primary transcription enzyme
Replication
the process by which DNA copies itself during interphase
Transcription
the process in which RNA is made from DNA
Translation
the process of converting the genetic code in RNA into the amino
acid sequence that makes up a protein
DNA Polymerase
an enzyme that binds to the separated strands of DNA and
assembles each strand’s complement in replication
amino acid
a carboxylic acid with an amino group; one of 20 monomers that
form proteins
complementary strand
the strand containing the anti codons opposite to the codons on RNA
adenine,guanine,cytosine,
thymine
nitrogen-containing bases that are a component of a nucleotide
uracil
a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA
codon
a group of three sequential nitrogen bases of an mRNA molecule
anticodon
a region of tRNA consisting of three bases complementary to the
codon of mRNA
recombinant DNA
a DNA segment from at least two different organisms
plasmids
a single ring of extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria
cloning vectors
a carrier used to clone a gene and transfer it from one organism
to another
restriction enzymes
a protein that recognizes specific sequences in a DNA
molecule and cuts it into pieces
sticky ends
the single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA fragment that can
form base pairs with another sticky end of a DNA fragment cut by the same
enzyme
gel electrophoresis
technique used to separate nucleic acids or proteins by size
and charge
karyotype
a picture of an individual’s chromosomes
chromosomal map
a diagram of allele positions on a chromosome
mutagen
an environmental factor that damages DNA
point mutations
the change of a single nitrogen-containing base within a codon
nondisjunction
the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during
meiosis or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis
monosomy
a condition in a diploid cell in which one chromosome of one pair is
missing as a result of nondisjunction during meiosis
frame shift
a mutation that results in the misreading of the code
during translation because of a change in the reading frame
translocation
a mutation in which a broken piece of chromosome attaches to a
nonhomologous chromosome; movement of organic molecules in plant tissues
competition
fighting for food, territory, mates, etc.
survival of the fittest
Darwin's theory of how organisms with selective traits survive
acquired traits
traits recieved from hereditary information
overpopulation
too many organisms for amount of resources needed to survive
emigration
the movement of individuals out of a population
immigration
the movement of individuals into a population
genetic drift
a shift in allele frequencies in a population due to chance
speciation
the formation of a new species
gene pool
all the genes for all of the traits in a population
gene flow
the movement of genes into or out of a population
coevolution
the mutual evolution of two different species interacting with each
other
divergent evolution
the process of two or more related species becoming more
and more dissimilar
convergent evolution
the process by which unrelated species become more
similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment
adaptive radiation
an evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from
a single ancestral species
homologous
chromosome one of a pair of morphologically similar
chromosomes

OR

similar features that originated in a shared ancestor
analogous
in evolution, structures in more than one organism that
have similar appearance and function, but different embryological origin
vestigial
referring to a functionless structure that was functional in an ancestral
species
disruptive
a type of natural selection in which individuals with two
extreme forms of a trait have an advantage
stabilizing
a type of natural selection in which the average form of a
trait causes an organism to have an advantage in reproduction
sexual
the preferential choice of a mate based on a specific
phenotypic trait
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
just flip:
I always remember..
King
Philip
clings
on
favorite
girl
scouts
;)
cyanobacteria
photosynthetic unicellular prokaryotes
phylogeny
the evolutionary history of a species or taxonomic group
morphology
the study of the internal and external structure and form of an
organism
domains
in the three-domain system of classification, one of three broad groups
that all living things fall into on the basis of rRNA analysis
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
reverse transcriptase
an enzyme that makes DNA from an RNA template
retrovirus
a virus, such as HIV, that contains RNA and reverse transcriptase
bacteriophage
a virus that infects bacteria
pathogens
an organism that causes disease
vaccines
a solution containing a harmless version of a virus, bacterium, or toxin
that causes an immune response when introduced to the body
lytic cycle
the replication process of viruses that results in the destruction of the
host cell
lysogenic cycle
the replication process of viruses that allows the virus to live in the host for a long time
helper t cells
a type of T cell that coordinates the immune response
memory t cells
a specialized white blood cell that protects the body from
reinfection by a specific pathogen
cytotoxic t cells
a type of T cell that destroys infected body cells
macrophages
a large white blood cell that engulfs pathogens and cellular debris
suppressor t cells
a type of T cell that shuts down the immune response after
the pathogen has been eliminated
b cells
a lymphocyte that produces antibodies in response to antigens
plasma cells
a differentiated B cell that produces antibodies and secretes them
into the blood
antibiotics
a chemical that can inhibit the growth of some bacteria
antigen
a substance that stimulates an immune response
histamines
a kind of cytokine that causes an inflammatory response to an injury
resulting in redness, swelling, warmth, and pain
antihistamines
suppresses the bodies portection of histamines
allergens
a usually harmless antigen in the environment that is capable of
inducing an allergic reaction
inflammatory response
a response in which white blood cells engulf foreign
substances and body temperature rises
phagocytes
a cell that engages in phagocytosis
phagocytosis
a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or
whole cells
interferon
a protein produced by the body that inhibits the reproduction of
viruses
chemotropic
plant growth in response to a chemical
heterotrophic
an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other
organisms or their by-products
photosynthetic
the conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in
organic compounds
saprophyte
an organism that feeds on dead organic material
parasitic
an organism that obtains its nutrition at the expense of another
symbiotic
the relationship between different species living in close association
with one another
mutualistic
a form of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit from living
together
conjugation
the union of two protists to exchange genetic material
gram stain
a series of dyes that stain bacteria either purple or pink according
to the chemistry of the bacterial cell wall
pili
an appendage that bacteria use to attach to objects
flagella
a hairlike structure made up of microtubules that function in
locomotion
cysts
a resistant, thick-walled structure that encloses and protects a dormant
organism
eyespots
a localized region of pigment in some invertebrates and protozoa that
detects changes in the quantity and quality of light
vacuoles
a fluid-filled organelle that stores enzymes or metabolic wastes in a
plant cell
psuedopodia
a retractile, temporary cytoplasmic extension that functions in
movement in certain ameboid organisms
macronucleus
in Paramecia, the larger of the two types of nuclei
micronucleus
in Paramecia, the smaller of the two nuclei; involved in sexual
reproduction
bilateral symmetry
in animals, a body plan in which the left and right sides
mirror each other
radial symmetry
in animals, an arrangement of body parts around a central
axis
no symmetry
randomness to the max (my def)
dorsal
the top of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
ventral
the bottom of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
anterior
the front end of a bilaterally symmetrical organism
posterior
the back end of a bilaterally symmetrical organism
metamorphosis
a major change in form that occurs as a larval animal develops
into an adult
larva
an immature form of an organism that is morphologically distinct from
that of an adult
nymph
an immature form of an insect
chrysalis
the outer covering of a butterfly pupa
cephalization
concentration of nerve tissue and sensory organs at the anterior
end of an organism
segmentation
division of a body into units
dorsal nerve cord
a neural tube dorsal to the notochord
fertilization
joining of male and female genetic data
zygote
the diploid cell that results from the fusion of gametes
meiosis
the process of nuclear division that reduces the number of
chromosomes in a cell by half
gastrulation
the cup-shaped embryo formed as the blastula folds inward
cleavage
the divisions of the zygote immediately following fertilization
endoderm
the innermost of the three germ layers of the gastrula; develops into
the epithelium of the pharynx, respiratory tract, digestive tract, bladder, and
urethra
mesoderm
a layer of cells in the gastrula that gives rise to muscles and to
interior body linings
ectoderm
the outermost of the three germ layers of the gastrula that develops
into the epidermis and epidermal tissues, the nervous system, external sense
organs, and the mucous membranes lining the mouth and anus
deuterostome
an organism in which the blastopore develops into the anus and
the coelom arises by enterocoely and whose embryo has indeterminate
cleavage
exoskeleton
the hard external covering of some invertebrates that provides
protection and support
endoskeleton
an internal skeleton
gemmules
an asexual reproductive structure produced by some freshwater
sponges
sessiles
referring to an organism that attaches firmly to a surface and does not
move
spicules
one of the small, spike-shaped particles of calcium carbonate or silicon
dioxide that make up the skeleton of some sponges
gastrovascular cavity
a digestive chamber with a single opening found in
cnidarians, ctenophores, and flatworms
nerve net
a diffuse web of interconnected nerve cells in the nervous system of
cnidarians
tentacle
a flexible appendage with which an animal feels its environment or
grasps objects
radula
a rough, tonguelike structure used in feeding by many mollusks
mantle
the epidermal layer of mollusks
gills
an organ specialized for the exchange of gases with water
gizzard
a muscular region of the digestive tract in birds that crushes food
setae
one of the external bristles on annelids
nephridia
tubule through which some invertebrates eliminate wastes
clitellum
a noticeable swelling around the sex organs of an earthworm during
reproduction
aorta
the largest artery in the human body; carries blood from the left ventricle
to systemic circulation
superior vena cava
the large vein carrying blood from the upper part of the
body
inferior vena cava
the large vein carrying blood from the lower part of the
body
coronary sirculation
a subsystem of systemic circulation that supplies blood
to the heart
pulmonary circulation
the movement of blood between the heart and the
lungs
ventricles
a lower, and the most muscular, chamber of the heart
stomach
an organ that prepares food for absorption by both physical and
chemical activities
large intestine
an organ of digestion in which water is reabsorbed
colon
the large intestine
small intestine
smaller part of intestines that is part of the digestive system
duodenum
the first section of the small intestine
pepsin
digestive enzyme of the stomach
esophagus
a tube connecting the mouth or pharynx to the stomach or crop
cardiac sphincter
a circular muscle located between the esophagus and the
stomach
spleen
the largest lymphatic organ in the body; serves as a blood reservoir,
disintegrates old red blood cells, and produces lymphocytes and plasmids
liver
organ that performs vital metabolic processes including filtration of blood,
secretion of bile, and conversion of sugars into glycogen
pancreas
the organ that lies behind the stomach and produces and secretes
insulin, glucagon, and digestive enzymes
ileum
the middle portion of the small intestine

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