Animal Learning & Theory
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- what is the theory of Rene Descartes?
- human beings are indeed like machines but only partly. -body + human mind (spiritual, god like thing) = human beings -body + without mind, free will = animals
- what is the mechanical principle that every action of the body, there is a stimulus that makes it happen?
- Reflex Action
- what are the ideas of British Empiricists?
- -mind is blank slate (tabula rasa) -mind receives only simple sensations. and build up all complex ideas (atomistic approach) -importance of associations between ideas.
- what are the ideas of Rationalism?
- -a lot of knowledges comes from experience -but some things do exist in the mind before experience writes on it. like floppy disk.
- what are Darwin's theories?
- -all life evolved through natural selection. -humans & animals are alike in their struggle for survival.
- what are the ideas of Edward Thorndike?
- -Situation (S) & the latch-opening response (R) => S-R association -law of effect
- what is the term that when a reponse is followed by satisfaction, an S-R connection is strengthened. when it is followed by discomfort, the S-R association is weakened?
- Law of Effect
- What were the idea of Watson and how did he change his method?
- Structuralism: Analyze the structure of the mind. =>behaviorism: e.g. little albert
- What were the ideas of Skinner?
- -Radical behaviorism: Stimulus (S) & Response (R) -Operant experiment
- What is the experiment that is done voluntarily?
- operant experiment
- what are the differences between respondent and operant?
- -Respondent: controlled by antecedents "elicited" -Operant: controlled by consequences "emitted"
- what is the idea by Tolman?
- -Operational behaviorism -Intervening variable: unobservable theoretical construct
- what is the idea of cognitions is understood as a network of connections between unit that look a little bit like neurons?
- Connectionism
- what is the stimulus learning?
- Classical conditioning (S-S* learning) -they learn about stimuli
- what is the response learning?
- Operant conditioning (R-S* learning) -they learn about behavior
- what is the theory of animal that has disadvantages to survive will eventually be eliminated?
- Natural Seletion
- what is the study of adaptiveness & evolution of behavior?
- Ethology
- what is the idea that is supposed to be built into the genes just as morphological? (e.g. cocoon building behavior in the spider)
- Fixed Action Patterns
- what is the idea when a sign stimulus is presented, the strength of the response often declines?
- Habituation
- what is the difference between natural selection and learning?
- natural selection: allows behaviors to adapt across generations of animals. -learning: allows behaviors to adapt through experience within animal's own lifetime.
- what is the situation in which a relation between and R & and S* increases the strength of the response?
- Reinforcement
- what is the behaviors that initially do not exist emerge when approximations of them are reinforced?
- shaping
- what are the examples of adaptation in classical conditioning?
- -signals for food : taste aversion learning -territoriality & reproduction -fear drugs: conditioned compensatory response
- what is the term when signal predicts a good S*, animal often begin to approach the signal?
- Sign tracking
- what are the four areas of sign tracking?
- -sign tracking -negative sign tracking =frustrating effect -medicine effect
- what is the phenomenon that if S* is dropped from the situation, responding will decline?
- Extinction
- what are the difference between extinction and habituation?
- -extinction: decrease in a learned behavior -habituation: not learned.
- what are the differences between extinction and forgetting?
- -extinction: it is lost because of direct experience with R or S now disconnected from S*. -forgetting: it is lost because of the simple passage of time.
- what kind of condition is best for Learning?
- Learning i best when: -S* follows the signal/behavior quickly. -S* is large/intense
- what is the S-R learning?
- the organism might associate a stimulus(CS) and a response (UR)
- what is the S-S learning?
- the organism might associate a stimulus (CS) with another stimulus (US)
- what is the suppression ratio?
- CS count/ pre-CS + CS
- what is the finding that "preexposure" to the CS can interfere with conditioning?
- latent inhibition
- what is the idea that an increase in responding to the CS that might occur because of mere exposure to the US rather than true conditioning?
- Pseudoconditioning
- what is the idea that an increasse in responding to the CS that can occur because of mere exposure to the CS?
- Sensitization
- what are the problems with the R-W model?
- -extinction of inhibition -does not explain latent inhibition -no explanation of "attention" theory for blocking.
- what is the difference between mackintosh model and hull-pearce model?
- pearce model states that more association between 2 stimuli, there will be less attention.
- what is the generate resulats that are consistent with SOP model but inconsistent with R-W model?
- latent inhibition
- what does Wagner's ST memory learning explain?
- habituation
- what are 2 ways of stimuli that enter ST memory?
- 1.self-generated priming:sensory memory => short-term memory 2. retrieval-generated priming: long-term memory=> short-term memory
- what is AESOP?
- sensory+emotional US nodes.