Biology 2: ch1
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Systemic Anatomy
- study of body by systems, used most often by introductory textbooks
- Regional Anatomy
- study of organization of the body by areas, in which all systems are studied simultaneously
- Surface Anatomy
- study of external features such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks to locate deeper structures
- Anatomical Imaging
- creates pictures of internal structures using x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and other technologies
- MRI
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Physiology
- scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things
- Human physiology
- study of a specific organism, the human
- Cellular physiology
- study of the physiology of a cell
- Chemical level of structure
- the interactions between atoms and their combinations into molecules
- Cells
- Basic living unit of all plants and animals
- Tissue
- group of cells with similar structure and functions plus the extracellular substances located between them
- Organs
- two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions
- Organ system
- group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions
- Organism
- any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell(bacterium), or trillions of cells(human)
- Negative-feedback Mechanism
- Maintain homeostasis; Any deviation from a normal value is made smaller or is resisted, not preventing variation, but maintains variation within a normal range
- Anatomical position
- person standing erect with feet forward, arms hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
- Anatomical Position: Superior
- above, or closer to the head; used in comparison of body part locations
- Anatomical Position: Inferior
- below, or closer to the feet
- Anatomical Position: Anterior
- towards the front, or the front itself
- Anatomical Position: Posterior
- back or towards the back
- Planes: Sagittal
- vertical plane through the body, separating right from left
- Plane: Midsagittal
- divides sagittal plane into two equal halves
- Plane: transverse (or) horizontal
- plane running parallel to the ground and divides body into superior and inferior parts
- Plane: frontal (or) coronal
- runs vertically from left to right, divides body into posterior and anterior
- Plane: Longitudinal
- Cuts through long axis of an organ
- Plane: cross (or) transverse section
- cut parallel to ground in an organ
- Plane: Oblique section
- Cut into an organ at anything other than a right angle across the long axis (diagonal cut)
- Body Region: Arm
- region from shoulder to elbow
- Body Region: forearm
- region from elbow to wrist
- Body Region: thigh
- region from hip to knee
- Body Region: leg
- from knee to ankle
- Body Region: thorax
- chest
- Body Region: pelvis
- associated with hips; pelvic girdle area
- Thoracic Cavity
- surrounded by rib cage, separated from abdomen by muscular diaphragm
- Mediastinum
- a partition dividing the thoracic cavity into two parts; contains heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, and other structures
- Abdominal Cavity
- bounded by abdominal muscles and contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys
- Pelvic Cavity
- small space enclosed by bones of pelvis and contains urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and internal reproductive organs
- Serous membranes
- a thin sheet consisting of epithelium and connective tissue that lines cavities not opening to the outside of the body; secretes serous fluids
- Visceral serous membrane
- membrane in contact with the organ
- Parietal Serous Membrane
- part of serous membrane not in contact with organ; exterior of serous-fluid-filled serous membrane
- Pericardial Membrane
- serous membrane surrounding heart
- Pleural cavity
- cavity containing lungs within thoracic cavity; between visceral and parietal pleura and is filled with pleural fluids
- Mesentery
- double-layered membrane connecting the visceral peritoneum of many abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum
- Retroperitoneal
- abdominopelvic organs without mesentery
- Positive-feedback responses
- when a deviation from a normal value occurs, the response of the system is to made the deviation even greater; e.g. contractions when giving birth
- Body Region: abdomen
- between chest and hips
- Homeostasis
- existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
- Organelle
- small structure contained with a cell that performs one or more specific functions; e.g. nucleus
- Peritoneal Cavity
- abdominopelvic cavity that is serous membrane-lined
- Pericardial Cavity
- space surrounding heart; located between visceral and parietal pericardia and containing pericardial fluid