INDV 101 Exam 1
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Id, Ego, or Superego: The pleasure principle
- Id
- Id, Ego, or Superego: present at birth
- Id
- Id, Ego, or Superego: Wants its needs satisfied, and wants it satisfied now
- Id
- Id, Ego, or Superego: Must be delayed by the ego
- Id
- Id, Ego, or Superego: The reality Principle
- Ego
- Id, Ego, or Superego: 0-3 years of life
- Ego
- Id, Ego, o Superego: Takes external reality into account when the Id wants to satisfy its urges.
- Ego
- Id, Ego, or Superego: Conscience & Ego Ideal
- Superego
- Conscience – stuff you shouldn’t do Ego ideal – what you should do
- Superego
- Id, Ego, or Superego: Moral – where right and wrong lie – striving for perfection • Learn right from wrong via mom & dad, and later from society
- Superego
- Id, Ego, or Superego: The "guilty conscious" principle
- Superego
- o The combined memory of our ancestors, human and pre-human; archetypes are stored here
- Collective Unconscious
- Preference for exploration, tolerance of the unfamiliar o High – open, easy going o Low – introverted
- Openness to Experience
- Degree of organization, goal-orientation o High – organized, ambitious, clean, reliable, goal-orientated, responsible o Low – unreliable, disorganized, lazy
- Conscientiousness
- Degree of interpersonal interaction/activity level o High – better grades, outgoing, satisfied o Low - Shy, timid, passive
- Extraversion
- Quality of interpersonal orientation o High – more likeable, friendly, cooperative, compassionate, sensitive, sympathetic o Low – antagonistic, unfriendly, cold
- Agreeableness
- Degree of emotional stability o High – unpleasant events, more negative, nervous, worry more o Low – calmer, more positive
- Neuroticism
- Blocking a wish or desire from conscious expression; from the conscious to the unconscious
- Repression
- Refusing to believe a reality
- Denial
- Attributing an unconscious impulse, attitude, or behavior to another
- Projection
- Expressing an impulse by its opposite
- Reaction Formation
- Returning to an earlier form of expressing an impulse
- Regression
- Satisfying an impulse with a substitute object
- Displacement
- Adopting the behavior of another individual close to oneself
- Identification
- Tests that indirectly measures motives, desires, or emotions by asking the subject to respond to an ambiguous stimulus (such as such as an inkblot, a vague photograph, or an open-ended sentence) They are preferred assessment method for psychoanalytic t
- Projective tests
- This test assumes that what we see in its 10 symmetrical inkblots reflects our inner feelings and conflict
- Rorschach’s Inkblot test
- In this test, participants are shown ambiguous pictures and told to write a story to go along with the picture. The stories are then rated for themes
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- Preferred method of assessment for trait and humanistic theories
- Objective tests
- The most widely used objective test in clinical work & psychological research; Assesses disorders (e.g., depression, hysteria, paranoia) rather than normal personality traits
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
- Assesses Cattell’s 16 factors of personality
- Cattell 16-PF
- Assesses Big Five Factor Model
- NEO-PI
- According to Allport, these influence all behavior (most people don’t have these)
- Cardinal Traits
- According to Allport, these influence wide range of behavior
- central traits/dispositions
- According to Allport, these are peripheral characteristics & preferences; they are specific.
- Secondary traits/dispositions
- Focuses on roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior, and mental processes
- Sociocultural Perspective
- The process of adaptation in which immigrants and native groups identify with a new, dominant culture by learning about that culture and making behavioral and attitudinal changes
- Acculturation
- Relies on observational learning (Based on Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory)
- Modeling
- A component of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory; our beliefs that we can bring about desired changes through our own efforts
- Self-efficacy expectations
- One component of individual psychology; o The self-aware aspect of personality that strives to overcome obstacles and achieve its full potential
- Creative Self
- o Feelings of inferiority hypothesized by Adler to serve as a central motivating force
- inferiority complex
- A competition for resources
- Sibling Rivalry
- Freud's Stages Sexual calm Focus on social interaction (same-sex)
- Latency
- A cognitive view of gender-typing in that believes that once one is aware of their sex, they begin to blend their self-expectations and self-esteem with prescribed gender roles in their culture
- gender-schema theory
- Freud's Stages Genitals Mature Sexual relationships Mutually-beneficial relationships
- Genital Stage
- Freud's Stages Genitals; Oedipal & Electra Complexes 3-5 years Fixation --> promiscuity, aggressive sexual drive frustration --> impotence
- Phallic
- Freud's Stages Mouth, weaning fixation --> sarcastic, hostile overindulging --> optimism, gullible, overly independent
- Oral Stage
- Freud's Stages Anus, Toilet Training 1-3 years anal expulsive --> messy, destructive anal retentive --> clean, orderly, perfection
- Anal Stage
- Birth Order: Manipulative and Charming; perfectionist
- Only Child, Youngest Child
- Birth Order Relaxed Negotiators
- Middle Children
- Birth Order Leaders
- First Child
- Psychoanalytic Perspective
- Freud
- -The most important causes of behavior are motives, especially unconscious motives -Personality is determined by the interplay of inner conflicts & their resolution -Personality is set by adolescence
- Psychoanalytic Perspective
- Hierarchy of Needs: -Physiological or Survival Needs (Basic Needs) -Safety Needs -Love, affection, and belongingness needs -Esteem Needs -Need for Self-Actualization
- Maslow
- 16 Factors/Factor Analysis
- Cattell
- -Argued that little girls do not feel inferior to boys (because they have a penis) -Social relationships are more important than unconscious sexual/aggressive impulses
- Karen Horney
- Everyday Functioning
- Conscious Ego
- What you’ve forgotten --> all experiences that you always have access to recall
- Personal Unconscious
- Female component of the male psyche
- Anima
- Male component of the female psyche
- Animus
- o Dangerous, primitive, passionate parts; spontaneity, passion, creativity
- The Shadow
- -The comfortable projection of self to the outside world -Projecting, but maintaining reality (who we’re genuine with and who we hide our flaws from)
- The Persona
- Achieving wholeness/unity
- The Self
- Carl Jung
- Analytical Psychology
- Adler
- Individual Psychology
- Approach to personality that is more optimistic than the others. It is most interested in unique potential.
- Humanistic Approach
- A persistent expression of esteem for the value of a person, but not necessarily an unqualified acceptance of all of the person’s behaviors (acceptance regardless of behavior)
- Unconditional Positive Regard
- A judgment of another person’s value on the basis of the acceptability of that person’s behaviors (acceptance only when well-behaved)
- Conditional Positive Regard
- Standards by which the value of a person is judged
- Conditions of Worth
- Axis ? Diagnosed mental disorder
- Axis I
- Axis ? Personality disorders & mental retardation
- Axis II
- Axis ? Relevant medical conditions
- Axis III
- Axis ? Psychosocial & environmental problems
- Axis IV
- Axis ? Current level of psychological, social & occupational functioning
- Axis V
- o Includes fears of social or performance situations in which they might embarrass or humiliate themselves or fear of being criticized o Lead to avoidance of social situations
- Social Phobia
- o Fear of specific objects or situations o Treated with systematic desensitization
- Specific phobia
- fear of high places
- Acrophobia
- fear of tight, small places
- Claustrophobia
- o A strong fear of being away from a safe place like home or from a safe person o A strong fear of being trapped in a place from which escape might be difficult or where help may be unavailable o Possibly accompanied with panic attacks
- Agoraphobia
- ⬢ Excessive worry or anxiety about multiple issues that lasts 6 months or more
- Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
- Intense, short-lived, recurring attacks of overwhelming anxiety or terror
- Panic Disorder
- Persistent, uncontrollable thoughts
- obsessions
- intrusive, inappropriate actions that often prevent or reduce anxiety associated with obsessions
- compulsions
- ⬢ The person has been exposed to a traumatic event ⬢ The traumatic event is persistently revisited in one (or more) of the following ways: o Re-experiencing o Avoidance o Hyperarousal
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- ⬢ Overwhelming feelings of sadness, despair, hopelessness ⬢ Loss of interest in pleasurable activities ⬢ At least 2 weeks feeling sad every day, all day; or losing interest in things you enjoy to do for at least 2 weeks every day, all day
- Major depressive disorder
- ⬢ Change in mood is much more extreme than normal given a change in season
- Seasonal Affective Disorder
- ⬢ Extreme highs of mania & extreme lows of major depression ⬢ Manic episode o Pressured speech o Rapid flight of ideas
- Bipolar Disorder
- Person suddenly moves away and assumes a new identity with no memory of previous personality
- Dissociative fugue
- Loss of (usually personal) memory due to psychological causes (The Bourne Trilogy)
- Dissociative amnesia
- ⬢ Two or more distinct identities or personality states o Some loss of personal memory
-  Dissociative identity disorder (DID) – previously known as multiple personality disorder
- • A somatoform disorder in which anxiety or unconscious conflicts are “converted†into physical symptoms that often have the effect of helping the person cope with anxiety or conflict
- Conversion Disorder
- Which type of Schizophrenia? o Delusions of grandeur o Delusions of persecution o Usually harmless, but may become violent if threatened
- Paranoid schizophrenia
- Which type of Schizophrenia? o Periods of frenzied activity alternating with periods of immobility o May stay in odd positions for hours o Waxy flexibility – a feature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people can be molded into postures that they
- Catatonic schizophrenia
- Which type of Schizophrenia? o Inappropriate affect and actions o Incoherent verbal behavior and silliness o Delusions and hallucinations
- Disorganized schizophrenia
- Which type of Schizophrenia? o Used to describe schizophrenics with mixed or unusual symptoms
- Undifferentiated schizophrenia
- Disorders in which people complain of physical (somatic) problems even though no physical abnormality can be found
- Somatoform disorders
- A somatoform disorder characterized by persistent belief that one is ill despite lack of medical findings
- Hypochondriasis
- A somatoform disorder characterized by preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated physical defect in one’s appearance
- Body dysmorphic disorder
- Which category of disorders? • Enduring pattern of experience and behavior that differs greatly from the expectations of the individual’s culture • Inflexible and pervasive across personal/social situations • Leads to clinically significant d
- Personality Disorders
- Which cluster of Personality Disorders? odd, eccentric
- Cluster A
- Which type of personality disorder and which cluster? -Distrust others and are suspicious of their motives -Pathologically jealous in the absence of evidence (cheating) -Believe that people are out to deceive and trick them
- Paranoid personality disorder Cluster A
- Which type of personality disorder and which cluster? -Express only a limited range of emotion in social interactions; form few if any close relationships -Are uninterested in personal relationships -Usually won’t seek therapy ïƒ happy with being
- Schizoid Personality Disorder Cluster A
- Which type of personality disorder and which cluster? -Have little capacity for close relationship; also eccentric in behaviors, perceptions, and thinking. -Have few close relationship because of an extreme discomfort with others -May feel magic, psy
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder Cluster A
- Which Cluster of Personality Disorders? dramatic, erratic
- Cluster B
- Which type of personality disorder and which cluster? -Exaggerate emotions and go to excessive lengths to seek attention -Tend to be females -Shallow in thinking; change their opinions often -Attention-seeking, look “sexy†or “prettyâ€
- Histrionic personality disorder
- Which type of personality disorder and which cluster? -Excessive sense of how important they are. They demand and expect to be admired and praised by others and are limited in their capacity to appreciate others’ perspectives • The Unabomber -Thi
- Narcissistic personality disorder Cluster B
- Which type of personality disorder and which cluster? -Actions regularly disregard and violate the rights of others. These behaviors may be aggressive or destructive and may involve breaking laws or rules, deception or theft ⬢ About 80-85% of male i
- Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) Cluster B
- Which type of personality disorder and which cluster? -Behave impulsively and their relationships, self-image, and emotions are unstable -A pattern of severely disturbed interpersonal relationships, self image, mood, and inhibitory control ⬢ Avoid
- Borderline personality disorder (BPD) Cluster B
- Which Cluster of Personality disorders? fearful, anxious
- Cluster C
- Which type of personality disorder and which cluster? -Are socially inhibited, usually feel inadequate and are overly sensitive to criticism -Avoid social-opportunities because of fear of criticism ⬢ This leads to their inability to learn how to fu
- Avoidant personality disorder Cluster C
- Which type of personality disorder and which cluster? Use submissive and clinging behavior toward others to elicit care, depending on them for initiative, reassurance, decision making, and advice
- Dependent personality disorder Cluster C
- Which type of personality disorder and which cluster? Sacrifice openness, spontaneity, and flexibility to pursue orderliness, control, and perfectionism
- Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Cluster C
- • “sit-back, relax and say whatever comes to your mind†• Trying to get at unconscious motives, thoughts, feelings, emotions and check out the connections between events
- Free Association
- ⬢ Said to occur when something happens where the client stops free-associating (stutter, hesitate) ⬢ Freud thought the person now felt threatened
- Analysis of Resistance
- all the parts of the dream we remember; what we would describe to someone else when recalling our dream
- Manifest Content
- hidden content of dream (such as forbidden thoughts and unconscious desires) that is represented only symbolically
- Latent Content
- unacceptable latent content expressed in manifest content directly but symbolically (e.g., children are symbolized as small animals)
- Symbolization
- ⬢ The patient begins to treat the therapist as they treat other people in their lives⬦
- Transference
- What category of therapy? ⬢ Clients will improve on their own, given the right conditions o Ideal conditions are established through therapeutic relationship in which the client feels accepted & supported (regardless of their behavior)
- Humanistic Therapy
- 3 key-ingredients for client-centered therapy
- o Genuineness o Acceptance o Empathy
- Fritz Perls • Directive therapy • Therapist directs clients to get in touch with feelings & resolve unfinished business • Goal is to create conditions so that client can become more self-aware & self-accepting (focus is on the “here and nowâ€
- Gestalt Therapy
- A collection of techniques based on learning theory designed to fix problem behavior
- Behavior Therapies
- reducing effect of stimulus on anxiety
- Systematic desensitization
- Exposure & Response prevention: systematic desensitization Flooding Aversive Conditioning
- Classical Conditioning Techniques
- Stimulation Satiation Token Economy Time Out Contingency Management
- Operant Conditioning Techniques
- A B C Theory
- Activating Event Belief about Event Consequence
- Social Skills Training: o keeping a record of one’s own behavior to identify problems and record successes o practice o in assertiveness training, information about the effectiveness of a response
- ⬢ self-monitoring ⬢ behavior rehearsal ⬢ feedback