Bio Final 2 2
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- The endangered species status of red wolf was once doubtful, because the red wolf was not considered as a species; instead it was thought to be a hybrid between the ______ and the ______.
- Grey wolf, coyote
- The common biological definition proposed by Ernst Mayr states: Groups of actually or potentially ______ natural populations which are ______ isolated from other such groups.
- Interbreeding, reproductively
- 3. The ______ definition was used by Linnaeus in his classification system that is based of the concept of ______ of species.
- Typological species, fixative
- 4. The four species definitions used in biological classification are: ______, ______, ______, and ______.
- typological species definition, morphological species definition, ecological species definition, biological species definition
- The challenges in defining species include:
-
___modes of reproduction___
___phenotypic variations___
___different types of organisms___
___ecological niches___
___fossils of extinct organisms___ - Two most important considerations of the pluralistic species definition are to achieve
- cohesion___ and ___parsimony___.
- The three mechanisms of speciation are
- allopatric___ speciation, ___sympatric___ speciation, ___parapatric
- Speciation is a multi-step process that takes place over many generations. The first step of mutation is when two populations become ______ isolated from each other. This prevents interbreeding and blocks ______.
- geographically, gene flow
- New traits occur through mutation; these traits will assume by the population through
- natural selection___ and ___genetic drift
- There are only two species of orangutans in the world, and they live in the tropical rain forest of
- Sumatra___ and ___Borneo
- The frequent type of speciation is known as ______ speciation, which is caused by ______, leading to the interruption of _____.
- allopatric, geographical isolation, gene flow
- There are two existing chimpanzees living in the ______ rain forests, one is the common chimpanzees. The other one is the ______.
- Africa, bonobos
- A long lasting ______ in Zaire 2 million years ago, forcing the ______ from the bonobo’s foraging area.
- Draught, gorillas
- Africa was entirely covered by forest ______ years ago, until a global weather change caused by the formation of the ______ mountain range.
- 8 million, Himalayan
- Human footprints dated 3.5 million years in age were found in ______. They were shown to belong to ______.
- Laetoli, Homo afarensis
- The three mating barriers are
- habitat, behavioral, and temporal barriers
- The two fertilization barriers are:
- mechanical and gametic barriers.
- The three hybrid survival barriers are
- reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, and hybrid breakdown
- How long ago when this human behavioral first appeared?
-
Pair bonding ___1.7___ million years ago
Controlled of fire ___1.0___ million years ago
Stone tools ___2.0___ million years ago
Home base ___2.0___ million years ago
Language ___200,000___ years ago
Bipedalism ___4.0___ million years ago - Homo heidelbergensis split around 250,000 years ago into
- Homo neanderthalensis___ and ___Homo sapiens___.
- The first human species who left Africa was ______ about ______ years ago.
- homo erectus, 1.8 million yrs ago
- The first human stone tool was a
- hand axe made by homo habilis
- At about 145,000 years ago, Africa suffered from a severe ___ and the ancestors of ______ nearly became ______.
- drought, modern humans, exctinct
- Evidence from ______ suggested that all modern humans are descendents from a small band of humans living in ______ about ______ years ago.
- molecular data, Africa, 110,000
- Neandertal spear points were made from ______, and they were not designed for ______.
- Stone, throwing
- Human spear points were made from ______, and they can be thrown from a great distance with another invention known as the ______.
- antler, spear thrower
- Prehistoric arts in the form of beads and carving first appeared in association with ______ about ______ ago
- modern humans, 40,000 yrs
- The human brains have 100 ______ neurons with 100 ______ connections.
- billion, trillion
- The Paleolithic hand axes were used for:
- cutting, digging, knocking off flakes, and butchering animals
- Human brain is vital in ______, as it is used as a display of ______.
- courtship, reproductive fitness