CDIS 301
Terms
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- Descriptive or systemic anatomy
- the body is considered as being composed of a number of systems, each consisting of rather homogeneous tissues which exhibit some peculiar functional unity
- Regional or topographical anatomy
- deals promarily with the structuarl relationships of the various parts of the body
- Applied or practical anatomy
- concerned with the application of anatomy to a specialized field, such as surgery
- Microscopic anatomy
- concerned with the deatils of structure as revealed through the microscope
- Developmental anatomy
- specializes in the growth of the organism from the single cell to birth
- Geriatric anatomy
- investigates the morphophysiology of the aged
- Anthropological anatomy
- deals with the anatomic feartures of peoples and with the natural history of various races and ethnic groups
- Artistic anatomy
- the study of external morphology of the living body for purposes of artistic representation
- comparative anatomy
- the study of the structure and the compariative structures of all living organisms
- Animal physiology
- deals lwith the functions of living animals as a whole
- Applied physiology
- physiological knowledge is applied to problems in medicine and industry
- Cellular physiology
- the physiology of life processes of individual cells or small groups of cells is studied
- Experimental physiology
- experiments are carried out in a lab with animals or human subjects
- Pathologic physiology
- the study of functions that have been modified by disease processes
- special physiology
- physiology of particular organs
- Vegetable physiology
- physiology of plants
- Ventral
- away from the backbone or toward the front of the body
- Dorsal
- toward the backbone, or away from the front of the body
- Anterior
- toward the front or away from the back (same as ventral)
- Posterior
- toward the back, or away from the front (same as dorsal)
- Superficial
- toward the surface
- Deep
- away from the surface
- Superior
- upper
- Inferior
- lower
- Cranial
- toward the head
- Caudal
- toward the tail, away from the head
- External
- toward the outer surface
- Interal
- toward the inner surface
- Medial
- toward the axis or midline
- Lateral
- away from the axis or midline
- Proximal
- toward the body or toward the root of the extremity
- Distal
- away from the body or the root of a free extremity
- Central
- situated at the center
- Peripheral
- toward the outward surface or part
- Sagittal plane
- divides the body into right and left halves
- Frontal plane
- parallel to the forehead - cuts body into front and back parts
- Transverse plane
- divides the body into upper and lower halves
- Epithelial tissue
- sheets of tissue that cover the external surface of the body
- Cell shape / # of layers of epithelial tissue
- squamous (flat, pavement like) columnar (rodlike) cuboidal (cubes) simple (single layer) stratified (several layers)
- Endothelial tissue
- the inner lining of the walls of the blood and lymph vessels - smooth surface
- Mesothelial tissue
- lines the primary body cavities
- Areolar tissue
- very loose - cells lie in an irregular network of fibers
- Adipose tissue
- very similar to areolar, but very fatty - found just beneath the skin
- Tendons
- tough, nonelastic, attaches muscles to bone, cartilage, or bone to cartilage
- Ligaments
- more elastic than tendons - join bone to bone, bone to cartilage, and cartilage to cartilage
- Fascia
- dense fibrous connective tissues that are not tendons or ligaments
- Reticular tissue
- a very delicate matrix of cells which have processes that extend in all directions to join the processes of neighboring cells
- Cartilage
- Tears easily but can withstand a massive amount of compression
- Hyaline Cartilage
- bluish-white translucent material at first - covers the articular surfaces of joints and forms the framework for the lower respiratory tract
- Elastic cartilage
- large amounts of elastic fibers - yellow and opaque - flexible and elastic and is almost rubbery
- Synarthrodial joints
- immovable joint
- Amphiarthrodial joints
- slightly movable joint
- Diarthrodial joint
- freely moving joint
- 3 types of muscle tissue
- striated (skeletal), smooth (visceral), cardiac (heart)
- 2 basic functions of muscles
- relax and contract
- 3 types of muscle architecture
- parallel, radiating, and pennate
- Electromyography
- EMG - muscle contractions
- Muscles are activated by...
- groups of nerve axons which constitute motor nerves
- Muscles construct the fuel for the activity from materials which reach them through...
- the arteries
- Breathing
- considered as a physical process of gas exchange - it is driven by the chemical process of the role of oxygen in body metabolism
- Ventilation
- air movement in and out
- Boyle's Law
- if gas is kept at constant temp, pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other and have a constant product - pv=k - if volume decreases, the pressure increases
- Positive pressure
- >atmospheric (760 mm Hg)
- Negative pressure
- <atmospheric (760 mm Hg)
- Respiratory tract from top of head down
- nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharyngeal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs - larynx divides upper and lower tracts - warms, filters air
- Larynx
- serves as a protective device - cartilage
- Trachea
- extends from larynx to the bronchi - made of hyaline cartilage rings separated by fibroelastic membrane - 11-12 cm long - 2-2.5 cm in diameter - lined by mucous membrane
- Bronchi
- main stem connects trachea to lung - cartilage rings - r and l bronchi divide into secondary which divide into tertiary each of which supplies a lung segment - then divide to bronchioles then terminal bronchioles then alveolar ducts which lead to air sacs of lung
- Alveoli
- small depressions in walls of terminal bronchiales and air sacs - 70-90 sq. meters in area - 1000 miles of capillaries - lined by type 1 epithelial cells and phagocytic cells
- Lungs
- located in thorax - irregular, conical, elastic, passive - 1/4 to 1/3 of elasticity is from tissue
- Thin pulmonary alveolar epithelium
- lines alveoli - secretes moisture - have air-liquid interface - this causes surface tension which causes the lining to try and shorten and resist further stretching
- Surface tension causes...
- tendency of alveoli to collapse, produces about 2/3 of elasticity of lung tissue
- Pulmonary surfactant
- produced by type 2 alveolar cells reduces surface tension by 5-10 times
- Lung characteristics
- white at birth - attached to body by their roots and pulmonary ligaments
- 3 regions of lungs
- apex (top), base (bottom), costal and mediastinal surfaces (middleish)