microbio exam 1
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- when oldest MO evolved
- 3-5-3.8 billion years ago
- 6 main types of MO
- virus, helminths, fungus, algae, bacterium, protozoan
- florence nightingale
- known for skills and pushed for reform in healthcare
- antonio van leewenhook
- self-made microbiologist; father of protozoology and bacteriology; discovered MO; microscope
- francesco redi
- decaying meat experiment, disproved spontaneous generation
- louis pasteur
- swan-neck flasks experiment; disproved spontaneous generation
- john tyndall
- provided final blow to spontaneous generation with dust; discovered endospores
- oliver wendall holmes
- published paper on puerperal sepsis; said it was safer to deliver baby at home then in a hospital
- semmelweiss
- all for handwashing
- joseph lister
- first to introduce aseptic techniques, understood sterilization
- germ theory of disease
- disease caused by growth of microbes in body and not by sins, bad character, god, etc.
- robert koch
- demonstrated first direct role of bacterium in disease; 4 postulates; anthrax; invented simple stain in 1877
- koch's 4 postulates
- 1. causative agent must be present ine very case of the disease and absent in healthy animals; 2. agent of disease can be isolated from the disease animals and grown in pure culture; 3. disease can be reproduced by inoculating a portion of the healthy culture into healthy animals; 4. agent of disease can be re-isolated from the infected animal
- types of covalent bonds
- polar - electrons shared unequally; unpolar - electrons shared equally
- what are fxns of proteins
- catalyze, structure and shape, cell movement, transporting nutrients, turning genes on and off, certain properties of various membranes in cell
- protein level - primary
- type, number, and order of AA in peptide chain
- protein level - secondary
- protein structure by AA bonding; either beta sheets or alpha helices
- protein level - tertiary
- 3D shape of protein
- protein level - quarternary
- structure resulting from several polypeptide chains
- what are carbs fxns
- obtain energy and make cellular material; metabolism; part of nucleic acids RNA and DNA; reserve food source in bacteria; nutrient and energy sources; part of bacterial wall (structural support and protection)
- what are 5 I's
- inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, identification
- streak plate
- simplest most common used technique to isolate pure colonies; quad streak and T-streak
- spread plate
- technique where mixture of cells spread out on agar surface
- refraction
- light rays are bent at point of interface
- refractive index
- how greatly substance slows velocity of light
- bright-field microscope
- forms dark image against brighter background; for live and preserved stained specimens
- virtual image vs. real image
- virtual image - at ocular lens, bigger than real image; real image - smaller, at objective lens
- what factors determine quality of optical image
- magnification, resolution, contrast
- resolution
- ability to separate points; to observe fine detail
- dark-field microscopy
- for living unstained cells and organisms; reduced internal detail
- phase-contrast microscope
- for living organisms; contrasted against grey background; good for internal cellular detail
- interference microscope
- brightly colored and highly contrasted 3D images of live specimens
- electron microscopy
- 100,000X greater magnification than light microscope; 1000X greater resolution than light microscope; used only for preserved material; more details can be seen
- transmission electron microscope
- projects beams of electrons through specimen
- scanning electron microscope
- projects beam of electrons onto the specimen