A&P Lab Pratical III
Terms
undefined, object
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- What are our five senses?
- (1)smell (2)sight (3)hearing (4)touch (5)taste
- What is our 5th senses?
- vestibular sense
- What might one day be considered the 7th sense?
- the pheromones sense
- What is another name for the smell sense?
- olfaction
-
NAME
can also be called olfaction - smell
- What is the vestibular sense?
- is the ability to detect the orientation of the body
-
NAME
is the ability to detect the orientation of the body - vestibular sense
- What is pheromones sense?
- is the detection of chemical signals
-
NAME
is the detection of chemical signals - pheromones
-
T or F
touch is stimulated by one stimulus - false
- How is touch different from the other senses?
- is not stimulated by one a single stimulus
-
NAME
is not stimulated by one stimulus - touch
- What singals can give information about tactile senstation or stimulate touch? (4)
- (1)pain (2)touch (3)temperature (4)pressure from the skin, muscles, joints, and internal organs
- internal signals like pain, touch, temperature, pressure from the skin, muscles, joints, and internal organs can stimulate (1) senstations
- tactile or touch
- The skin contains many (1) to detect various situations in which our body is exposed
- sensors
-
T or F
touch receptors are equally distrubed through out our body - False
- are touch receptors equally distrubed through out our body?
- n
-
T or F
some parts of the body are more senstive than others - True
- In senstive areas of the body, (1)
- nerve endings are close togethere
- in (1) of the body, nerve endings are close together
- senstive areas
-
NAME
these ares get a larger representation in the somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe - senstitive areas
- senstive areas of the body get a larger represnetation in the (1)
- somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe
- Give a example of a senstive area in the body and explain how it has a larger represnetation in the somatosenory cortex of the parietal lobe
- for example, the fingertips are more senstive than the back of the leg (2)a larger portion of the cortex is involved with integrating singals from the fingertips than from the leg
- What are nocieceptors?
- are receptors that detect pain
-
NAME
are receptors that detect pain - nociceptors
-
NAME
are senestive to pressure, temperature, and chemicals - nociceptors
- Nociceptors are senstive to (1), (2), and (3)
- (1)pressure (2)temperature (3)chemicals
-
T or F
most people are physcially responsive to similar levels of painful stimuli - true
- What else can influence a person's response to levels of a pain stimuli? (2)
- (1)the emotional state of a person (2)fearing a procedure may increase the perception of pain
- how are humans senses compared to animals?
- humans are fairly insenstive to odors
- What is the limbic system?
- is an area important in memory and emotion
-
NAME
is an area important in memory and emotion - limbic system
- Signals from the olfactory tracts go directly to the (1)
- limbic system
- signals from the (1) go directly to the limbic system
- olfactory tract
- it has been shown that certain odors actually can produce a (1)
- physiological response
- Give a example of how certain odors can produce a physiological response
- the smell of lavender will change brain wave recordings and may lower blood pressure via changes in the hypothalamus
-
NAME
this will change brain wave recordings and may lower blood pressure via changes in the hypothalamus - the smell of lavender
-
NAME
is our intimate sense - taste
- What makes taste unique when compared to other tastes?
- all the other senses can be experienced from a distance but this one
-
NAME
all other senses can be experienced from a distance but this one - taste
- What are the five tastes?
- (1)sweet (2)sour (3)salty (4)bitter (5)umami
-
NAME
include sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and unami - five tastes
- What does umami refer to?
- refered to as savory when eating foods with glutamate
-
NAME
is refered to as "savory" when eating foods with glutamate - umami
- What are the taste buds?
- are the individual organs for taste
-
NAME
are the individual organs for taste - taste buds
- What are papillae?
- are the raised bumps visible on the tongue
-
NAME
are the raised bumps visible on the tongue - papillae
-
T or F
the raised bumps on the tongue are taste buds - false
- How many taste buds does each papillae have?
- 250 taste buds
- Each (1) has aproximately 250 taste buds
- papillae
- Each taste buds has aproximately, how many taste cells?
- 100
- Each (1) has aproximately 100 taste cells
- taste buds
- How often are taste cells replaced?
- every few weeks
- How are taste cells damaged?
- due to exposure to extreme temperatures or chemicals
-
T or F
taste cells are placed every few weeks since they are damaged due to exposure to extereme temp or chemicals - true
- What are the (3) regions of the ear?
- (1)the outer ear (2)the middle ear (3)inner ear
-
NAME
the regions of this include inner ear, middle ear, and inner ear - ear
- The outer ear is called (1)
- Pinna
-
NAME
is called the cochlea - inner ear
-
NAME
refers to the inner ear - cochlea
-
NAME
refers to the outer ear - Pinna
- What is the Pinna?
- the outer ear
- What does the pinna consist of?
- a flap of skin and elastic cartilage
-
NAME
is a flap skin and elastic cartilage - Pinna
- What is the function of the pinna?
- it acts to direct and amplify sound waves entering the ear
-
NAME
it acts to direct and amplify sound waves entering the ear - Pinna
- What happens to sound as it enters the outer ear?
- journey through the auditory canal to the middle ear
- From the (1) sound travels from the auditory canal to the middle ear
- outer ear
- What produces ear wax?
- ceruminous
- What does the ceruminous produce?
- ear wax
- What is the ceruminos?
- produces ear wax and helps to repel water in the auditory pathway
-
NAME
produces ear wax and helps to repel water in the auditory pathway - ceruminous
- What products the middle ear from infection?
- ceruminous
- What helps to protect the middle ear from infection?
- ceruminous
-
NAME
this also helps to protect the ear from infection - ceruminous
- The auditory canal leads to the (1)
- ear drum
- (1) leads to the ear drum
- auditory canal
- What is the eardrum?
- a membrane that divides the outer and middle ear
-
NAME
is a membrane that divides the outer and middle ear - eardrum
- What is the middle ear?
- is a small aired-filled cavity
-
NAME
is a small aired-filled cavity - middle ear
-
NAME
this contain the tympanic membrane and the oval window - middle ear
- What is another name for the eardrum?
- tympanic membrane
-
NAME
another name for this is eardrum - tympanic membrane
- What is the oval window?
- is the entrance to the inner ear
-
NAME
is the entrance to the inner ear - oval window
- What are the ossicles?
- are three bones in the middle ear
-
NAME
are three bones in the middle ear - ossicles
- What are the three ossicles?
- (1)malleus (2)incus (2)stapes
-
NAME
include the malleus, incus, and stapes - ossicles
- What is the malleus?
- is the hammer bone
-
NAME
refers to the hammer bone - malleus
- What is the incus?
- refers to the anivl bone
-
NAME
refers to the anivil - incus
- What is the stapes?
- refers to the stirrup
-
NAME
refers to th stirrup - stapes
- How does the middle ear increase the effciency of sound transmission from the outer ear to the inner ear?
- by transmitting vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window
-
NAME
increases the effciency of sound transmission from the outer ear to the inner ear - middle ear
- How is the middle ear connected the throat?
- by the eustachian tube
-
NAME
is connected to throat by the eustachian tube - middle
- The middle ear is connected to the (1) by the eustachian tube
- throat
- What is the eustachian tube?
- helps to maintain equal air pressure on both sides of the eardrum
-
NAME
helps to maintian equal air pressure on boths sides of the eardrum - eustachian tube
- Sound waves from the outer ear push on the (1)which in turn pushes on the (1)
- tympanic membrane (2)three ossicles
- sound waves from the (1)push on the tympanic membrane which in turn pushes on the three ossicles
- outer ear
- What do the ossicles act as when the sound waves push on them?
- a lever to conectrate the wave and more forcefully push onto the oval window leading into the inner ear
-
NAME
acts as a lever to conetrate the wave and more forecfully push onto the oval window leading into the inner ear - ossicles
- Descrube What the cochlea is?
- is a coiled fluid filled chamber
-
NAME
is a coiled fluid filled chamber - cochlea
- Leading in to the cochlea is the membrane called the (1)
- oval window
- Inside the cochela are a number of (1)
- membrane receptors for hearing
- What is the basailar membrane?
- is a floppy membrane of the inner ear
-
NAME
is a floppy membrane of the inner ear - basailar membrane
- What is the organ of corti?
- is a membrane that sits atop the basailar membrane and contains the hair cells
-
NAME
is a membrane that sits atop the basailar membrane and contains the hair cells - organ of corti
- What are hair cells?
- are the receptor cells of hearing
-
NAME
are the receptor cells of hearing - hair cells
- Where are the cilla of hair cells?
- tectorial membrane
- What is the tectorial membrane?
- is stiff membrane that has the cilla of hair cells embedded into it
-
NAME
is a stiff membrane that has the cilla of hair cells embreded into ti - tectorial membrane
- What happens as a sound wave enters the inner ear?
- when a wave reaches the oval window of the inner ear, it sets up a traveling wave in the fluid of the cochela
- What happens after a wave reaches the oval window of the inner ear, it sets up a traveling wave in the fluid of the cochela?
- this causes the basilar membrane to vibrate up and dwon, bending the cilla of the hair cells (2)this bending of the cilla cuases a nerve impulse to travel down the auditory nerve to the brain, where they are perceived as sound
- in addition to auditory signals, the inner ear also contains organs for (1)
- proprioception
-
NAME
in addition to auditory singals, this also contains organs for proprieception - the inner ear
- What is the prorioception?
- is the detection of where the body is in space
-
NAME
is the detection of where the body is in space - proprioeception
- Proprioeception refers to the (1) sense
- vestibular sense
- (1) refers to the vestibular sense
- proprioeception
- What does the vestibular sytem coordinate? (4)
- (1)motor responses (2)eye movements (3)posture (4)equilirbim
-
NAME
coordinates motor responses, eye movements, posture, and equilibrium - vestibular system
- What are the (2) otolith organs?
- (1)utricle (2)saccule
-
NAME
this type of organ includes utricle, and saccule - otolith organs
- What do the otolith organs?
- detect the linear changes in the direction
-
NAME
detect the linear changes in the direction - otoltih organs
- What can of directions do the otolith organs detect? (5)
- (1)foward (2)backward (3)up (4)down (5)side to side
-
NAME
these organs detect when you move foward, backward, up, down, or even side to side - otolith organs
- What are the semicircular canals?
- detect rotational movement
-
NAME
detect rotational movement - semiciruclar canals
- What are receptor organs?
- are hair cells w cilla embedded into a jelly-like mass
-
NAME
are hair cells w cilla embedded into a jelly-like mass - receptor organs
-
NAME
bend w changes and send singals down the vesitbular nerves - cilla
- Cilla bend w changes and send (1)
- signals down the vestibular nerves
- Humans are (1) creatures
- visual
-
T or F
the optic nerves contain over a million nerve fibers - true
- What are some structures that help to protect our eyes?
- (1)bone cavity of the eyeball (2)eyebrows (3)eyelashes (4)eyelid (5)lacrimal glands
- the bone cavity of the eyeball, the eyebrows, the eyelashes, eyelid, and lacrimal glands all help to (1)
- protect our eyes
- The eyeball rests in a (1)
- bony cavity of the skull
- What do the eyebrows and the eyelashes do?
- prevent sweat and particles from entering the eye
-
NAME (2)
prevent sweat and particles from entering the eye - eyebrows and eyelashes
-
NAME
is the thinnest skin in the body - eyelid
- What is the eyelid?
- is the thinnest skin of the body which covers the exposed portion of the eye
-
NAME
covers the exposed portion of the eye - eyelid
- What are the lacrimal glands?
- produce tears that clean and lubricate the eye
-
NAME
produces tears that clean and lubricate the eye - lacrimal glands
- What is the cornea?
- is a transparent tissue that helps to focus the entering of light rays to create an image of the retina
-
NAME
is a transparent tissue that helps to focus the entering of light rays to create an image of the retina - cornea
- What can abnormailites in the contours of the cornea result in?
- (1)differences in focusing power (2)and when this happens the image on the retina may be out of focus
- What can some abnormatilites in the cornea? (3)
- (1)myopia (2)hyperopia (3)astigmatism
-
NAME
this can result in
myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism - abnormatilies in the shape of the cornea
- What is myopia?
- refers to being nearsighted
-
NAME
refers to being nearsighted - myopia
- What is hyperpopia?
- refres to being far sighted
-
NAME
refers to being far sighted - hyperpopia
- What is the sclera?
- is the tough outer white portion of the eye
-
NAME
is the tough outer white portion of the eye - sclera
- What is the function of sclera?
- it protects the eye and gives it shape
-
NAME
it protects the eye and gives it shape - sclera
- What is the iris?
- is the colored part of the eye
-
NAME
is the colored part of the eye - iris
- What is the function of the iris?
- it is a muscle that controls the amount of light that enters the pupil
-
NAME
it is a muscle that controls the amount of light that enters the pupil - iris
- Directly beneath the pupil is the (1)
- lens
- Directly beneath the (1) is the lens
- pupil
- What is the lens?
- is a transparent tissue that changes shape as you focus for near or far vision
-
NAME
is a transparent tissue that changes shape as you focus for near or far vision - lens
- Around the posterior 5/6 of the eyeball runs the (1), a vascular layer
- choroid
- What is the choroid?
- is a vascular layer that runs around posterior 5/6 of the eye ball
-
NAME
is a vascular layer that runs around poaerior 5/6 of the eye ball - choroid
- What is the function of the choroid?
- contains a dark pigment that absorbs and muffles light to improve vision
-
NAME
contains a dark pigment that absorbs and muffles light to improve vision - choroid
- What is the retina?
- is the innermost coat of the eye
-
NAME
is the innermost of coat of the eye - retina
- What does the retina contain?
- rod and cones
-
NAME
contains rods and cones - retina
- What are rods and cones?
- light senstive cells found in the retina
-
NAME (2)
are light senstive cells found in the retina - rods and cones
-
NAME
is also called the blind spot - optic disc
- The optic disc is also called the (1)
- blind spot
- What is the optic disc?
- is the point on the back of the eye by which nerve processes from the rods and cones exit the retina
-
NAME
is the point on the back of the eye by which nerve processes from the rods and cones exit the retina - optic disc
- What is macula lutea?
- is a yellow spot at the exact center of the retina
-
NAME
is a yellow spot at the exact center of the retina - macula lutea
-
NAME
is a small depression at the center of macula - fovea
- What is the fovea?
- is a small depression at the center of macula
-
NAME
the point at which visual acuity is the highest - fovea
-
T or F
the eye is full of fluid - true
- The eye is full of (1)
- fluid
- How are nutreints for the eye provided?
- by the aqueous humor
- What is the vitreous humor?
- is the jelly-like fluid that helps maintain the spherical shape of the eye
-
NAME
is the jelly-like fluid that helps maintian the spherical shape of the eye - vitreous humor
- What is the aqueous humor?
- is btwn the cornea and the lens and provides nutrients for the eye
-
NAME
is btwn the cornea and the lens and provides nutrients for the eye - aqueous humor
- What is the absolute thershold?
- the stimulus intesnity that can be detected 50% of the time
-
NAME
is the stimulus intensity that can be detected 50% of the time? - absoute thershold
- What is the absolute thershold for vision?
- a candle flame, 30 miles away, on a dark clear night
- What is the absolute thershold for smell?
- a drop of perfume in a three room apartment
- What is the absolute thershold for hearing?
- a ticking watch 20 feet away in a quiet place
- What is the absolute thershold for taste?
- a teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water
- What is the absolute thershold for touch?
- the wing of a bee falling from 1 cm onto your cheek
-
NAME
is responsible for allowing substances in and out of the cell - plasma membrane
- What is active transport?
- requires ATP to get work done
-
NAME
this transports requires ATP to get work done - active transport
- What is passive transport?
- does not require ATP
-
NAME
this transport does not require ATP - passive transport
- Why does not passive transport need ATP?
- bc the kinetic energy of the particles causes them to move from an area of higher conecntration to a area of lower conecntration
- How does passive transport flow?
- from a area of higher conecntration to a area of lower concentration
- What is Osmosis?
- is the movement of water molecules by diffusion across a selectivly permeable membrane
-
NAME
is the movement of water molecules by diffusion across a selectivy permeable membrane - osomosis
- When does osomosis stop?
- when ellqirubrim is reached
- What is facilated diffusion?
- is the movement of a substance down its concentration gradient using a transmembrane protien for transport
-
NAME
is the movement of a substance down its concentration gradient using a transmembrane protien for transport - facilated diffusion
- What is filtration?
- is the flow of liquid through the pores of a filter or plasma membrane
-
NAME
is the flow of a liquid through the pores of a filter or plasma membrane - filtration
- Why does the movement in filtration ocur?
- to hydrostatic pressure
- What is vesicular transport?
- is the movement of substance into a cell via vesicles that form at or fuse w the plasma mebrane
-
NAME
is the movement of substances into a cell via vesicles that for at or fuse w the plasma membrane - vesicular transport
- What is endocyotisis?
- movement of a substance into a cell via vesicles forming at the plasma membrane
-
NAME
is the movement of a substance into a cell via vesicles forming at the plasma membrane - endocytosis
-
NAME
is a type of endocytosis which is a speacilized movement of solid partilces into a cell by pseudopdia forming a vesicle around the particles - phagocytosis
- What is phagpcytosis?
- refered to as cell eating
-
NAME
is refered to as cell eating - phagocytosis
- What is pinotyosis?
- is refered to as "cell drinking"
-
NAME
is refered to as cell drinking - pinotyosis
-
NAME
is a type of endocyotois in which drops of fluid brought into a cell by invagination of the plasma membrane forming a small vesicle - pinocyotisis
- What is exocyotis?
- is the movement of a substance out of a cell via fusion of secretory vesicles w the plasma membrane
-
NAME
is the movement of a substance out of a cell via fusion of secretory vesicles w the plasma membrane - exocyotis
- Spinal nerves send info from the (1) to the spinal cord and info from the spinal cord to the (2)
- (1)peripheral sensory receptors (2)effectors
- How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from each side of the spinal cord through the intervertrebral foramina?
- 31
- Spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord via the (1) and an (2)
- (1)posterioer root (2)anterior root
- (1) connect to the spinal cord via the posterior root and the anterior root
- spinal nerves
- What are the posterior and anterior roots together called?
- mixed nerves
-
NAME
are called mixed nerves - anterior and posterior roots
- Why are the anterior and posterior roots called the mixed nerves?
- bc each nerve contains sensory and motor axons
-
NAME
each of of these two nerves contains sensory and motor axons - mixed nerves
- Each of the spinal nerve is made up of (1)
- 3 protective connective tissue layers
-
NAME
has 3 protective connective tissue layers - each spinal nerve
- What are the three protective connective tissue layers of each spinal nerve
- (1)epineurium (2)perineurium (3)endoneurium
-
NAME
this connective tissue layer of a spinal nerve surrounds the whole nerve - epineurium
- What is the epineurium ?
- surrounds the the whole nerve