A/S - Surgical Procedures
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- A/S - Surgical Procedures
- A/S - surgical procedures
- Wht does OHE stand for? Common name?
- Ovariohysterecomy, spay
- What are some non-elective reasons for OHE?
- pyometra, uterine/ovarian/mammary cancer
- What are some elective reasons for OHE?
- prevent heat cycles, decr risk for mammary tumors, no risk of pyometra & uterine cancer, fewer behavioral problems, no risk of pregnanacy, term of pregnancy
- What are some contraindications for OHE?
- breeding animal, too young, anesthetic risk, late pregnancy
- At what age is a OHE done?
- before 1st heat cycle, ~5mos in cats, ~6mos in dogs, really being done earlier - 8 weeks
- How is OHE done?
- Incision through linea alba, one ovary pulled out w/ spay hook and removed, other ovary removed, uterus excised and removed, check for bleeding, put everything back, check again for bleeding, close
- What are some possible complications w/ OHE?
- abdominal hemorrhage (ligature slips off), Von Willebrand's Dz (clotting disorder), bladderr irritation, peritonitis, infection, dehiscence
- Indications for c-section?
- dystocia, can't deliver normally (lg fetus, sm pelvis), fx pelvis, uterine inertia, certain breeds
- Describbe c-section procedure
- ventral midline incision, exteriorize the uterus, cut along one horn, remove babies w/ babies one at a time, close uterus, +/- spay, routine closure
- What drug may be injected during a c-section to shrink uterus and reduce bleeding
- Oxytocin
- What are some important things re: anesthesia during a c-section?
- be quick and organized, doseage at animals pre-preg wt, Ketamine does not cause resp depression, atropine can thicken mucous in neonates
- What are some steps for neonatal care?
- Rub w/ towel to dry and stimulate resp, reverse narcotic w/ nalaxone if needed, aspirate mouth, keep warm, use er drugs as needed, check & tie umbilicus, check neonates for abnormalities, place w/ mom asap
- When are c-secion sutures removed?
- 7-14 days
- What are some possible c-section complications?
- infection, pups chewing on sutures, resp depression
- What are some c-section client instructions?
- watch pups closely for adequate nursing & growth, watch mom for care of pups, abnormal discharge, depression
- What is pyometra?
- pus in the uterus
- What are some signs of a pyometra?
- anorexia, lethargy, pu/pd, vomitting, +/- discharge
- What is a closed v. open pyometra?
-
Closed - cervix closed and pus accumulates in uterus
Open - cervix is open and pus can drain - ___ is a toxic, emergency situation. If the uterus ruptures, the condition is often fatal.
- pyometra
- Tx of pyometra?
- fluids, ABs, supportive care, lt anesthesia w/ safest protocol avail, wide surgical clip & prep, OHE, close monitoring before, during, & after
- A medical tx for open pyometra is avail (___), but ___ is tx of choice
- prostaglandin, OHE
- What are 2 other terms for castration procedure?
- neuter, orchiectomy
- What are some indications for castration?
- prevent breeding, decrease undesirable male behavior, prev testicular dz & some forms of prostatic dz,
- At what age is castration done?
- usually 6-9 mos, but can be as young as 6-8 weeks
- What are two types of castration?
-
Closed - ligate around vaginal tunic
Open - cord & vessels separated and ligated individually - What are some comlications of castration?
- licking, tearing out sutures, infecitons, clipper burn
- Why is castration highly recommended for pt that is cryptorchid?
- retained testicle(s) have incr risk of testicular cancer & this is a heritable trait
- What is unique about a feline v. canine castration?
- hair is plucked off scrotum rather than shaved, and there is no closure
- What are some castration complications?
- scrotal bleeding, swelling, infection
- What should you chane in the cat box after a feline castration
- shredded paper for 5-7 days
- What is the technical name for a declaw?
- onychectomy
- At what age are cats declawed?
- ideally 3-6 months
- How is an onychectomy done?
- tourniquet proximal to elbow, P3 removed w/ Roscoe trimmer/scalpel/laser, close w/ sutures or adhesive, +/- bandages
- What are some complications of an onychectomy?
- neuritis from tourniquet, pain, bleeding , infection, nail regrowth, abnormal stance on feet
- Client instructions for onychectomy
- shreeded paper/yesterday's News in box for 5-7 days, keep from jumping from high places
- WHat is a cosmetic otoplasty?
- Ear cropping
- At what age are ears cropped?
- depends on breed - 8wks - 6 mos
- How long are ears bandaged after a crop?
- Can be up to 20 weeks
- What is a caudectomy?
- tail docking
- What are three reasons for a caudectomy?
- cosmetic, trauma, neoplasia
- At what age is a cosmetic caudectomy done?
- 1-5 days
- What is the pre-op prep for a cosmetic caudectomy?
- no prep, no anesthesia
- What are two indications for declaw removal?
- cosmetic, prevent trauma
- HOw old are puppies when dewclaws are removed? Anesthesia?
- 1-5 days, no anesthetic
- What is an indication for feline perineal urethrostomy (PU)?
- recurrent urethral obstruction in MALE cats
- What are two indications for anal gland ablation?
- recurrent anal gland impactions/infections, routinely done in ferret descenting
- What are two complications w/ anal gland ablation?
- infection, fecal incontinence
- What is an abcess?
- a localized collection of pus (neutrophils) & bacteria in a fibrous capsule
- What can cause an abscess?
- puncture introduces bacteria into SC or deeper tissue - bites (most common), foreign body, injection
- What are some clinical signs of an abscess?
- local imflammation, fever, depression, dehydration
- What is important about a drain site?
- Needs to stay open and clean
- In which direction does a drain need to point?
- ventrally
- What are some drain comlications?
- premature removal by animal, recurrence of abscess, sepsis
- When are drains removed?
- in 2-5 days
- Generally, when are sutures usually removed?
- 7-14 days
- What is an aural hematoma?
- hemorrhage in the pinna forms a sanguinous seroma, usually uncomfortable
- What is goal of aural hematoma surg?
- drain seroma, have ear layers heal together, prevent recurrence
- What kind of sutures are placed on ear in aural hematoma surg?
- through and through
- What are some complications of aural hematoma surg?
- infection, recurrence, scarring of pinna (cauliflower ear)
- Whan are sutures removed from an aural hematoma surg?
- 3-4 WEEKS
- Iftumor is malignant, what besides the tumor will be removed?
- wide margin of surrounding tissue if possible
- What are some common tumors seen in SA practice (6)?
- mammary, lipoma (benign fat cells), mastcell, squamous cell carcinoma, thyroid adenoma, perianal gland adenoma
- In what kind of pt is mammary neoplasia usually seen?
- older, intact dogs/cats or animals spayed later in life
- What is the malignancy rate of mammary neoplasia?
- 50% in dogs, 90% in cats
- What are some surgial options for tx of mammary neoplasia?
- lumpectomy, partial mastectomy, radical mastectomy +/- removal of lymph nodes
- What is tissue fixed in for histopathy?
- formalin (9 parts formalin, 1 part tissue)
- What are some f/u therapies for mammary neoplasia surgery?
- radiation, chemotherapy
- In what pt do lipomas usually occur?
- older, overweight animals
- What is a lipoma?
- benign (usually) fat cell tumor - SC, soft moveable masses
- What is unique about the appearance of a lipoma aspiration on a slide?
- looks like corn oil - doesn't dry
- Are lipomas benign?
- usually but a malignant form does exist but it is uncommon - occurs on limbs
- Surgical removal of a lipoma is pallative or curative?
- curative
- Mast cell tumors are, by definition, ___.
- malignant
- Mast cell tumors are braded _, _, or _ based on their likelihood to metasasize w/ _ being most likley.
-
I, II, or III
III most likley to metastasize - What should you never do to a mast cell tumor? Why?
- NEVER squeeze or press on - will release histimine from the granules & cause swelling * increased bleeding during surgery
- What solution should be used to scrub area for an ophthalmic suregery? Why
- Dilute betadine solution or saline - others may damage eye
- What is nictating membrane flap placement?
- pulling up the 3rd eyelid to cover the corneal surface
- What are some indications for nictating membrane flap placement?
- corneal ulcers, proptosis
- Describe the 3rd eyelid flap placement procedure
- horizontal mattress suture placed through 3rd eyelid and upperlid, usually using a quill to reduce pressure
- What is a conjuntival membrane flap? indications?
- pulling the conjunctiva over part of the cornea - often for severe corneal ulcers
- What is prolapsed gland of 3rd eyelid more commonly known as?
- Cherry eye
- What is entropion?
- eyelid rolls inward
- What is ectropion?
- lid rolls outward
- What is Distichiasis?
- abnormal eyelashes - need o remove w/ electrolysis or cryosurgery
- What is enucleation?
- removal of eyeball
- What are some indications of enucleation?
- glaucoma, trauma, neoplasia, refractory infections
- What is proptosis?
- protusion of eye globe from the orbit w/ associated muscle and nerve damage
- What is tarsorrhapy?
- suturing the eyelids shut
- define suffix otomy
- to open/cut into
- define suffix ectomy
- to remove
- define suffix resection
- to remove (partial)
- define suffix anastomosis
- toreattach free ends
- define suffix stenosis
- a narrowing or stricture of a canal or lumen
- In GI surgeries, fingers may be used rather than Doyens to retract tissue - why?
- Fingers are less traumatic
- During surgery, intestines and other organs need to stay ___. What is used to do so?
-
moist
sterile saline - It is important to remember that intestinal lumen contents are not ___. Anything that contacts these areas is ___. Surgeon will need a second set of instruments to close.
-
not sterile
contaminated - Any non-food item that is ingested is a ___.
- foreign body
- Removal of foreign bodies is one of the most common surgeries on a ferret; they especially like to eat ___.
- rubber objects
- Cats often have ___ foreign bodies such as string, yarn, ribbon.
- linear
- What is resection and anastomosis?
- partial removal of a part (intestines) and then suturing the remaining ends together
- What is GDV? How serious is it?
- Gastric Dilation and Volvulus (bloat) - it is a life threatening emergency
- What is the surgical tx for GDV?
- untwist (+/- removal of damaged parts) stomach and spleen and fixing stomach to body wall
- Why are feeding tubes placed?
- pt will not or cannnot eat
- What is intervertebral disk dz?
- Weakness inthe outer capsule of the disk leads to bulging or rupturea d subsequent pressure on the spinal cord
- In what breed is intervertebral disk dz common?
- beagles, bassets, dachsunds, cockers
- What is the surgical tx for intervertebral disk dz?
- dorsal laminectomy or hemilaminectomy, +/- fenestration of adjacent disks
- What is luxation?
- a dislocation of a joint
- What is subluxation?
- partial dislocation of a joint
- What is an articular fx?
- fx through a joint
- What is an open fx?
- fx which penetrates the skin
- What is a comminuted fx?
- 3 or more fx lines which interconnect
- What is an epiphyseal (psalter) fx?
- Fx line that involeves a growth plate
- What is a greenstick fx?
- incomplete fx
- What is a transverse fx?
- fx line is perpendicular to the long axis os bone
- What is an oblique fx?
- fx line is at an angle to the long axis of the bone
- What is a spiral fx?
- fx line spirals up bone shaft
- What is a multiple fx?
- 3 or more fx lines that do not interconnect
- What is an impacted fx?
- fx due to compressive forces
- What is an avulsion fx?
- fx at point whew ligament or tendon attach to bone
- What is a stable fx?
- fx that does not displace under force (transverse)
- What is an unstable fx?
- fx that displaces easily under force (oblique)
- What are three external fixation devices?
- Kirschner apparatus, cast, splint
- What are six internal fixation devices?
- intramedullary pins, Rush pins, k-wire, plates, screws, cerclage wire
- What is osteomyelitis?
- infection of bone and marrow cavity
- What is a callus?
- a collar of new bone which bridges the fx to repair the fx - formed by periosteum
- What is cancellous bone?
- soft, lattice-like bone at ends of long bones, used for grafting
- What is cortical bone?
- compact, hard bone which makes up the shaft of the bone
- What are the terms that refer to separation or change inthe relationship of the areticular surfaces of bones?
- luxation or dislocation
- What is an acute luxation?
- result of direct or indirect force of recent occurence
- What is a chronic or recurrent luxation?
- long standing luxation or recurrence following a reduction, due to degeneration of restraining structures of the joint
- What kind of joints are most often involved in luxations?
- synovial, vertebral
- What is a reduction?
- The correction of a fx, dislocation, or hernia
- What is tx for a dislocation?
- traction & counter-traction, fixation, surgical repair if other methods fail