A/S - Surgical Procedures

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A/S - Surgical Procedures: A/S - surgical procedures
Wht does OHE stand for? Common name?: Ovariohysterecomy, spay
What are some non-elective reasons for OHE?: pyometra, uterine/ovarian/mammary cancer
What are some elective reasons for OHE?: prevent heat cycles, decr risk for mammary tumors, no risk of pyometra & uterine cancer, fewer behavioral problems, no risk of pregnanacy, term of pregnancy
What are some contraindications for OHE?: breeding animal, too young, anesthetic risk, late pregnancy
At what age is a OHE done?: before 1st heat cycle, ~5mos in cats, ~6mos in dogs, really being done earlier - 8 weeks
How is OHE done?: Incision through linea alba, one ovary pulled out w/ spay hook and removed, other ovary removed, uterus excised and removed, check for bleeding, put everything back, check again for bleeding, close
What are some possible complications w/ OHE?: abdominal hemorrhage (ligature slips off), Von Willebrand's Dz (clotting disorder), bladderr irritation, peritonitis, infection, dehiscence
Indications for c-section?: dystocia, can't deliver normally (lg fetus, sm pelvis), fx pelvis, uterine inertia, certain breeds
Describbe c-section procedure: ventral midline incision, exteriorize the uterus, cut along one horn, remove babies w/ babies one at a time, close uterus, +/- spay, routine closure
What drug may be injected during a c-section to shrink uterus and reduce bleeding: Oxytocin
What are some important things re: anesthesia during a c-section?: be quick and organized, doseage at animals pre-preg wt, Ketamine does not cause resp depression, atropine can thicken mucous in neonates
What are some steps for neonatal care?: Rub w/ towel to dry and stimulate resp, reverse narcotic w/ nalaxone if needed, aspirate mouth, keep warm, use er drugs as needed, check & tie umbilicus, check neonates for abnormalities, place w/ mom asap
When are c-secion sutures removed?: 7-14 days
What are some possible c-section complications?: infection, pups chewing on sutures, resp depression
What are some c-section client instructions?: watch pups closely for adequate nursing & growth, watch mom for care of pups, abnormal discharge, depression
What is pyometra?: pus in the uterus
What are some signs of a pyometra?: anorexia, lethargy, pu/pd, vomitting, +/- discharge
What is a closed v. open pyometra?: Closed - cervix closed and pus accumulates in uterus
Open - cervix is open and pus can drain
___ is a toxic, emergency situation. If the uterus ruptures, the condition is often fatal.: pyometra
Tx of pyometra?: fluids, ABs, supportive care, lt anesthesia w/ safest protocol avail, wide surgical clip & prep, OHE, close monitoring before, during, & after
A medical tx for open pyometra is avail (___), but ___ is tx of choice: prostaglandin, OHE
What are 2 other terms for castration procedure?: neuter, orchiectomy
What are some indications for castration?: prevent breeding, decrease undesirable male behavior, prev testicular dz & some forms of prostatic dz,
At what age is castration done?: usually 6-9 mos, but can be as young as 6-8 weeks
What are two types of castration?: Closed - ligate around vaginal tunic
Open - cord & vessels separated and ligated individually
What are some comlications of castration?: licking, tearing out sutures, infecitons, clipper burn
Why is castration highly recommended for pt that is cryptorchid?: retained testicle(s) have incr risk of testicular cancer & this is a heritable trait
What is unique about a feline v. canine castration?: hair is plucked off scrotum rather than shaved, and there is no closure
What are some castration complications?: scrotal bleeding, swelling, infection
What should you chane in the cat box after a feline castration: shredded paper for 5-7 days
What is the technical name for a declaw?: onychectomy
At what age are cats declawed?: ideally 3-6 months
How is an onychectomy done?: tourniquet proximal to elbow, P3 removed w/ Roscoe trimmer/scalpel/laser, close w/ sutures or adhesive, +/- bandages
What are some complications of an onychectomy?: neuritis from tourniquet, pain, bleeding , infection, nail regrowth, abnormal stance on feet
Client instructions for onychectomy: shreeded paper/yesterday's News in box for 5-7 days, keep from jumping from high places
WHat is a cosmetic otoplasty?: Ear cropping
At what age are ears cropped?: depends on breed - 8wks - 6 mos
How long are ears bandaged after a crop?: Can be up to 20 weeks
What is a caudectomy?: tail docking
What are three reasons for a caudectomy?: cosmetic, trauma, neoplasia
At what age is a cosmetic caudectomy done?: 1-5 days
What is the pre-op prep for a cosmetic caudectomy?: no prep, no anesthesia
What are two indications for declaw removal?: cosmetic, prevent trauma
HOw old are puppies when dewclaws are removed? Anesthesia?: 1-5 days, no anesthetic
What is an indication for feline perineal urethrostomy (PU)?: recurrent urethral obstruction in MALE cats
What are two indications for anal gland ablation?: recurrent anal gland impactions/infections, routinely done in ferret descenting
What are two complications w/ anal gland ablation?: infection, fecal incontinence
What is an abcess?: a localized collection of pus (neutrophils) & bacteria in a fibrous capsule
What can cause an abscess?: puncture introduces bacteria into SC or deeper tissue - bites (most common), foreign body, injection
What are some clinical signs of an abscess?: local imflammation, fever, depression, dehydration
What is important about a drain site?: Needs to stay open and clean
In which direction does a drain need to point?: ventrally
What are some drain comlications?: premature removal by animal, recurrence of abscess, sepsis
When are drains removed?: in 2-5 days
Generally, when are sutures usually removed?: 7-14 days
What is an aural hematoma?: hemorrhage in the pinna forms a sanguinous seroma, usually uncomfortable
What is goal of aural hematoma surg?: drain seroma, have ear layers heal together, prevent recurrence
What kind of sutures are placed on ear in aural hematoma surg?: through and through
What are some complications of aural hematoma surg?: infection, recurrence, scarring of pinna (cauliflower ear)
Whan are sutures removed from an aural hematoma surg?: 3-4 WEEKS
Iftumor is malignant, what besides the tumor will be removed?: wide margin of surrounding tissue if possible
What are some common tumors seen in SA practice (6)?: mammary, lipoma (benign fat cells), mastcell, squamous cell carcinoma, thyroid adenoma, perianal gland adenoma
In what kind of pt is mammary neoplasia usually seen?: older, intact dogs/cats or animals spayed later in life
What is the malignancy rate of mammary neoplasia?: 50% in dogs, 90% in cats
What are some surgial options for tx of mammary neoplasia?: lumpectomy, partial mastectomy, radical mastectomy +/- removal of lymph nodes
What is tissue fixed in for histopathy?: formalin (9 parts formalin, 1 part tissue)
What are some f/u therapies for mammary neoplasia surgery?: radiation, chemotherapy
In what pt do lipomas usually occur?: older, overweight animals
What is a lipoma?: benign (usually) fat cell tumor - SC, soft moveable masses
What is unique about the appearance of a lipoma aspiration on a slide?: looks like corn oil - doesn't dry
Are lipomas benign?: usually but a malignant form does exist but it is uncommon - occurs on limbs
Surgical removal of a lipoma is pallative or curative?: curative
Mast cell tumors are, by definition, ___.: malignant
Mast cell tumors are braded _, _, or _ based on their likelihood to metasasize w/ _ being most likley.: I, II, or III
III most likley to metastasize
What should you never do to a mast cell tumor? Why?: NEVER squeeze or press on - will release histimine from the granules & cause swelling * increased bleeding during surgery
What solution should be used to scrub area for an ophthalmic suregery? Why: Dilute betadine solution or saline - others may damage eye
What is nictating membrane flap placement?: pulling up the 3rd eyelid to cover the corneal surface
What are some indications for nictating membrane flap placement?: corneal ulcers, proptosis
Describe the 3rd eyelid flap placement procedure: horizontal mattress suture placed through 3rd eyelid and upperlid, usually using a quill to reduce pressure
What is a conjuntival membrane flap? indications?: pulling the conjunctiva over part of the cornea - often for severe corneal ulcers
What is prolapsed gland of 3rd eyelid more commonly known as?: Cherry eye
What is entropion?: eyelid rolls inward
What is ectropion?: lid rolls outward
What is Distichiasis?: abnormal eyelashes - need o remove w/ electrolysis or cryosurgery
What is enucleation?: removal of eyeball
What are some indications of enucleation?: glaucoma, trauma, neoplasia, refractory infections
What is proptosis?: protusion of eye globe from the orbit w/ associated muscle and nerve damage
What is tarsorrhapy?: suturing the eyelids shut
define suffix otomy: to open/cut into
define suffix ectomy: to remove
define suffix resection: to remove (partial)
define suffix anastomosis: toreattach free ends
define suffix stenosis: a narrowing or stricture of a canal or lumen
In GI surgeries, fingers may be used rather than Doyens to retract tissue - why?: Fingers are less traumatic
During surgery, intestines and other organs need to stay ___. What is used to do so?: moist
sterile saline
It is important to remember that intestinal lumen contents are not ___. Anything that contacts these areas is ___. Surgeon will need a second set of instruments to close.: not sterile
contaminated
Any non-food item that is ingested is a ___.: foreign body
Removal of foreign bodies is one of the most common surgeries on a ferret; they especially like to eat ___.: rubber objects
Cats often have ___ foreign bodies such as string, yarn, ribbon.: linear
What is resection and anastomosis?: partial removal of a part (intestines) and then suturing the remaining ends together
What is GDV? How serious is it?: Gastric Dilation and Volvulus (bloat) - it is a life threatening emergency
What is the surgical tx for GDV?: untwist (+/- removal of damaged parts) stomach and spleen and fixing stomach to body wall
Why are feeding tubes placed?: pt will not or cannnot eat
What is intervertebral disk dz?: Weakness inthe outer capsule of the disk leads to bulging or rupturea d subsequent pressure on the spinal cord
In what breed is intervertebral disk dz common?: beagles, bassets, dachsunds, cockers
What is the surgical tx for intervertebral disk dz?: dorsal laminectomy or hemilaminectomy, +/- fenestration of adjacent disks
What is luxation?: a dislocation of a joint
What is subluxation?: partial dislocation of a joint
What is an articular fx?: fx through a joint
What is an open fx?: fx which penetrates the skin
What is a comminuted fx?: 3 or more fx lines which interconnect
What is an epiphyseal (psalter) fx?: Fx line that involeves a growth plate
What is a greenstick fx?: incomplete fx
What is a transverse fx?: fx line is perpendicular to the long axis os bone
What is an oblique fx?: fx line is at an angle to the long axis of the bone
What is a spiral fx?: fx line spirals up bone shaft
What is a multiple fx?: 3 or more fx lines that do not interconnect
What is an impacted fx?: fx due to compressive forces
What is an avulsion fx?: fx at point whew ligament or tendon attach to bone
What is a stable fx?: fx that does not displace under force (transverse)
What is an unstable fx?: fx that displaces easily under force (oblique)
What are three external fixation devices?: Kirschner apparatus, cast, splint
What are six internal fixation devices?: intramedullary pins, Rush pins, k-wire, plates, screws, cerclage wire
What is osteomyelitis?: infection of bone and marrow cavity
What is a callus?: a collar of new bone which bridges the fx to repair the fx - formed by periosteum
What is cancellous bone?: soft, lattice-like bone at ends of long bones, used for grafting
What is cortical bone?: compact, hard bone which makes up the shaft of the bone
What are the terms that refer to separation or change inthe relationship of the areticular surfaces of bones?: luxation or dislocation
What is an acute luxation?: result of direct or indirect force of recent occurence
What is a chronic or recurrent luxation?: long standing luxation or recurrence following a reduction, due to degeneration of restraining structures of the joint
What kind of joints are most often involved in luxations?: synovial, vertebral
What is a reduction?: The correction of a fx, dislocation, or hernia
What is tx for a dislocation?: traction & counter-traction, fixation, surgical repair if other methods fail

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