Lysosomes
Terms
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- sanitation
- reduce the number of microbes on equipment, surphases to a safe level by public health standards
- Refrigeration
- 2-8 C ___static
- freezing
- 0 C or less ___static, -20 C no microbial metabolism
- microfiltration
- removal of microbes from item (liquids that are heat sensitive and air) uses a membrane filter with pore sizes that are uniform for bacteriology 0.45 for viruses 0.1 or less
- HIgh Osmotic Pressure
- hypertonic environment (jam, jelly, brine) ___static mode of action -- cells will shrink = plasmolysis
- chemical method antiseptic
- used on tissue to decrease number of vegetative microbes
- Radiation
- UV targets DNA 2560A (most damaging wavelength) causes structural changes in the DNA has poor penetration uses limited to air and surphases
- ionizing radiation
- x-rays, gamma rays(short wavelength) has good penetration mode of action -- form free radicals which damage DNA and other cell components used as disinfectant at low doses
- Infectious prion protein
- PrP
- prion diseases in animals
- scrapie -- disease of sheep and goats uncoordinated jerky movements, itching cant eat or walk and then death. mink encephalopathy -- deer and elk, chronic wasting disease (mad cow disease)
- _____static
- inhibits growth does not kill
- chemical disinfectants
- used on surphases to decrease microbes
- asepsis
- treatments to control sepsis
- degermation
- removal of microbes from skin
- Abnormal PrP
- infectous has different shape, not inactivated very readily by protease, can interact with normal protein and change to the abnormal shape
- disinfectants
- treatment of surphase to destroy vegetative microbes
- levels of chemical methods
- high -- kills all organisms except endospores intermediate -- kills microbacteria, most bacteria and most viruses low -- kills some viruses and bacteria
- antibiotics/chemotheraputic agents
- selective toxicity harm microbe but not host
- physical methods of microbial control
- heat, cold, radiation, dessication, and high osmotic pressure
- TDP thermal death point
- temp required to kill population of bacteria in 10 mins
- Heat
- good physical method
- Dessication
- drying (removing water) ___static
- TDT thermal death time
- time it takes to kill population of bacteria at given temp
- concentration of exposure
- higher concentration = higher effectiveness
- autoclave
- steam under pressure steam 100 C + pressure 15 lb per sq inch (increases temp to 121 C) to achieve sporility expose for 15-40 mins
- time of exposure
- longer exposure time the greater the effectiveness
- pastuerization
- heating food to destroy vegetative microbes primarily used in the dairy and brewing industry
- boiling water is
- not reliably sporicidal
- sepsis
- damage to tissue due to microbes of their toxins
- ______cide
- kills
- sterile
- free of all life forms and infectious agents
- Prion
- 1983 proteinatious infectious proteins (agents)
- narrow spectrum
- effective on few or single microbes
- antagonism
- 2 drugs together have decreased effectiveness than if used alone
- LTH
- low temp holding 60 C for 30 mins
- broad spectrum
- effective on may microbes
- Temperature
- increase temp = increase effectiveness
- HTST
- high temp short time 72 C for 15 seconds
- prophage will replicate when
- the host bacterium replicates population (colony) all infected with prophage
- UHT
- ultra high temp 150 C for 1-2 seconds
- material treated
- organic mater can decrease effect of chemical (blood, pus, dirt)
- inceneration
- ignite and burn item (sterilization of loops and needles)
- lysosomes
-
3 viral nucleic acid
chromosome = prophage
makes repressor protein
repressor protein blocks transcription of other viral genes - Dry heat
- damage to proteins can achieve sterility at 160-170 C for 1-2 hours, heat stable but could not be damaged by water
- nature of microbe
- endospores are very resistant
- prion diseases
- found in animals and humans fatal, spongiform enaphalopathies (brain will have holes like a sponge, and protein fibers) symptoms neurological
- prophage decrease
- repressor protein leaves chromosome
- Normal PrP
- prion protein, signaling function in the brain inactivated by protease enzyme
- lysogenic conversion
- repressor protein does not block all virus genes MRNA -- transcription translation = protein from virus gene bacterium has new characteristics
- moisture is present by
- protein inactivation primarily
- prion diseases in humans
- Kuru -- Fore people of New Guinnea (cannabolism) Creutzfeldt-Jakob -- spurratic, inherited, medical procedures associated with VCJD from eating contaminated meat
- synergism
- 2 drugs given together have greater effectiveness than sum of individuals
- antiseptics
- treatment on skin to preven sepsis
- synthetic drugs are
- lab synthesized
- chemotherapy
- chemicals that can interfere with the growth of microbe at concentrations tolerated by the host (selective toxicity)
- antibiotic
- synthesized by living organisms for bacteria