Native American Studies
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- How were Navajo's influenced by Spanish Contact?
- They raided Spanish for horses and other live stock, learned to raise sheep, learned silversmith and weaving
- What is a Kinaalda ceremony?
- Ceremony to assist Navajo girls as they enter womenhood.
- How did Navajo's adapt Pueblo religion ideas into their perspective?
- They refocused religion to restoring the health of individuals.
- Why was the US in contact with the Hopi?
- US tried to force Hopi to put their childern into boarding school and elect a government.
- Why did the Navajo and Hopi have conflict?
- They had disputes over land.
- Why was the removal of NA's from Nebreska to Kansas refured to as the 2nd trail of tears?
- Their was a loss of land and property, forced removal and many died on the walk.
- Annuities
- annual distribution of trade goods to NA's with treaties
- Rations
- food brought to NA's on reservations
- Allotment
- Congree act allowed reservations to be carved up and given to individuals
- Ghost Dance of 1890
- New religion started in Neveda and plains people promised if rituals were done the world would return to goodness. (old ways)
- What 2 main indigenous traditions in southwest?
- Pueblo and semi nomdic people
- How do eastern and western pueblo societies differ?
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Eastern: farm with irrigation systems, governments more centeralized, more spanish, surplus of food.
Western: dry form of farming, more clan cheifs, harder to reach for spanish, less food - How did Navajo and Apache life change after contact with the Pueblos?
- Adopted farming, matrilineal clans and some religious concepts
- How did eastern pueblos perserve religion traditions as the spanish dominated?
- compartmentalized ceremonies into catholic and native realms. (had night time underground native ceremonies)
- Who was pope?
- leader of pueblo revolt in 1680
- Who was Manuelito?
- Navajo band leader who organized resistant to US.
- What is the Hopi house called?
- Pueblo
- What is the Apache house called?
- Wickiup
- What is the Navajo house called?
- hogan
- Why were clowns important in Pueblo ceremonies?
- Ridiculed non-conformist and transgressions. Also made people smile which made the gods happy.
- What was the focus point of hopi religion?
- Rain and imitation
- Who was redbird smith?
- Founder of new religion in 20th century (cherokee) revived and strengthened native life.
- How did southeast people adjust to oklahoma?
- they started to rebuild their school systems, towns, native government, farms and continued to hold common lands. (traditional costomes)
- what were 2 plains traditions?
- villagers and nomadic peoples
- Difference between plains villagers and nomadic peoples
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Villagers: earth lodges, clans (uniliner), social clan chiefs, med. bundle owned by clan, ranked social orgnizations
Nomatic: teepees, bison hunting, bilateral kinship, extended families, individual vison quest, egaliterian social orgnizations - How was bison used?
- food, clothes, weapons, tools, containers
- What was the consequence of the introduction of horses?
- more effective hunting, wealth differences, more elaborate ceremonies, increased in warefar, changed natural warefare
- What colonial powers traded with the plains?
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North: french and English
South: spanish and french - What is the consequence of the fur trade?
- Slaves and horses raids dislocated populations, populations decreased, greater influence of women, trade goods adopted (guns, metal, beads, clothes)
- What did plains people traded to american traders after the collapse of the beaver trades?
- buffalo robes and horses
- What is a treaty council?
- A meeting of representatives from the US or Canada and NA's in which territories were defined, leaders designated and promise of compensations made
- Why did plains NA's become scouts for the US army?
- Protection from enemies, rights to territories, prestige and provisions
- What did the false face society do?
- cured illness
- Who founded the longhouse religion? Why did it thrive?
- Handsome Lake, helped Iroquois adapt to new reservation life by combining old ceremonies with a new code of conduct that encouraged cooperation and solidarity
- Who were Joseph Brant and Red Jacket?
- Two Iroquois leaders: Brant allied with English and Red Jacket with the Americans during the revolutionary war
- In the 18th century what was a "creek" town?
- A group of villagers that shared ceremonial grounds
- How did the southeast people subsist at the time of contact?
- Farming and supplements from hunting
- Who governed the council in creek towns?
- representatives from high ranking families
- What was the green corn ceremony?
- Annual religious ritual to renew and re-energize the natural and social worlds
- Why did the english help settlers push NA's off thier land?
- english wanted colonist to open farms and plantations to export food
- What were the consequences of the deer skin trade?
- NA's depended on european goods, warefare increased, and marrage between european men and NA women
- When did the seminoles settle in florida?
- Refugees from the several of the southeast people, 18th centurey to early 19th
- Who was Oscoowa?
- A military leader of seminole in 19th century
- What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
- Legislation that allowed the government to remove NAs from east of the mississippi to the west of it
- What was the Curtis Act of 1898?
- Congress alloted the cherokee, choctaw, chickasaw, creek and siminole lands in Oklahoma
- What are the major contributions of NAs to transportation?
- Network of trails and roads, kayaks and canoe
- Why did the europeans want colonies?
- raw materials, cheap labor, consumers for their manufactured goods
- Who were the 2 main groups of Algonkian speakers in the northeast?
- New England and the mid atlantic peoples
- How did northeastern Algonkians obtain food before Europeans?
- Farming, hunting, fishing and gathering
- Who was the 17th century leader of the Algonkian confedery?
- Powhatan
- What was the significants of the Peqout war and King Phillip war in new england?
- Most Algonkians were killed or put into slavery, surviors stayed on a small piece of land
- What were Algonkian houses called and made out of?
- Wigwaums made from poles and birch bark
- What were Iroquois houses called and made out of?
- longhouses made from poles and elm bark
- Who belonged to Iroquoise clans and what rights did they have?
- Matrilienal kin, owned fields and chief titles
- What did Iroquois use to decorate hide clothing?
- Porcupine quills and horse hair
- What was the League of Iroquois and who founded it?
- Hiawatha and dekanawidan, 5 iroquous people
- Who made decisions for the league of iroquois?
- 50 cheifs who inherited titles through clans and appointed by female heads of clan
- What was the role of Iroquois in the fur trade during the 17th and 18th century?
- They used thier geography postion to obtain fur by dominating other peoples and playing the french and english against each other
- What did Eropeans want fur for?
- to make hats of beaver
- Why did the Iroquois want to trade with Europe?
- Guns, clothes, metal items, and other items (glass beads)
- What is wampum?
- Shell beads used by NA to record important events and used by Europeans as money
- How many state names come from NA language?
- 24
- What medicine developed by NA's was used as a cure for scurvy?
- Hemlock tonic
- What is the most important plant domesticated by NA's that feeds most of the world?
- corn
- What are the general areas of NA contributions to the global society?
- Food, medicine, technology, language, travel, art and architecture
- Most important food contributions from NAs?
- Corn and squash
- Clothing (technology) contribution from NAs
- Poncho, parka, moccosins
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