Water Chemistry
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- How does Cl affect fish?
-
1.0 - causes problems
.37 - max. fish can tolerate
.25 - only hardest fish can survive - What problems do phosphates create in a pond?
- Algae grows.
- How much Cl is need to kill bacteria in water?
- < .5 mg/l
-
Give the hardness range:
Soft Water _____
Moderately Hard Water _____
Hard Water _____
Very Hard Water _____ -
0 - 60
61 - 120
121 - 180
181 + - Do plants produce CO2?
- Yes
- What causes limestone to dissolve?
-
water turned acid by CO2
-H20+CO2->H2CO3 - How do nitrates enter a body of water?
-
Rain water washes it into waterways
- farm fert. runoff/lawn - What does pH stand for?
- Potential for hydrogen ion concentration
- Why are nitrates so short-lived?
- B/c they're quickly converted into nitrates by bacteria
- Below ____ ppm all fish will die
- 3
- Good fish waters average ____ ppm dissolved oxygen
- 9
- Fish can usually tolerate CO2 levels up to ____ ppm.
- 20
- Name five ways in which phosphates enter a stream.
-
1.) Pesticides
2.) Detergents
3.) Soils
4.) Phosphate rich rocks
5.) dead animals - How much oxygen will a fish use at 5 degrees Celsuis?
- 60 mg of O2 per hour
- How much oxygen will a fish use at 25 degrees Celsuis?
- 300 mg. of 02 per hour
- How much phosphate is necessary to accelerate the eutrophication process in lakes?
-
Eutrophication - enrichment of a body of water by nutrients
.25 mg/l - If algae grows to excessive levels in a stream, what may happen to the aquatic life?
-
Aquatic life will diminish from reduced O2 levels.
- What disease is caused in humans if exposed to nitrogen?
- Blue Baby
- What are trihalomenthanes
- Compounds made from free Cl mixed w/ decaying materials?
- What two minerals are responsible for hard water?
- Calcium + magnesium
-
H2SO4+CaCO3 = ?
H2CO3+SO3 = ? -
H2CO3+CaSO4
H2SO4 - Name several factors that would be responsible for a decrease in the oxygen levels of a stream?
-
-Overfertilization by nitrates + phosphates.
-Too many cloudy days
-Too much bacteria - Metaphosphate polyphosphate
- used for treating boiler waters
- organic phosphate
- important in nature, and may result from breakdown of organic pestides
- What problems will be created if phosphates enter drinking water?
- Nothing really, unless high concentration
- Why are carbonates very important to a stream?
- Buffer acids
- Why is soft water a serious problem for humans?
- increases chance of heart attack
- What effect would nitrates have on phytoplankton?
- It simulates their growth
- What is chlorine?
- A greenish-yellow poisonous gas that dissolves easily in water
- What is organic nitrogen?
- Found in proteins and other compounds
- What substances become very toxic to fish if they are living in an acid environment?
-
Aluminum, lead, or mercury;
Al, Pb, Hg - What is the chemical symbol for calcium carbonate?
- CaCO3
- What is the desirable pH range for trout?
- 6.5 - 8.6
- Co2 chemically combines with water to produce _____________?
- carbonic acid
- What is the source of CO2 from water in a stream?
- Resperiation from plants
- What is the natural source for water hardness?
- Limestone rock dissolve by water
- ppm = ?
- mg/l
- Which water is best to wash clothes in/
- soft
- Amt of phos-phos in most uncotaminated lakes
-
.01 - .03 mg/l
phos-phos = phosphate - phosphorus - Describe problems associated with CO2+ H2O -> H2CO3
- This just makes things worse. pH + acid -> pH lowers and becomes more acidic.
- What si the recommended max of phosphate for rivers and streams
- .1 mg/l
- What is the chemical symbol for Carbon Dioxide?
-
CO 2
CO - comes from burning oil, gas, etc.
- Why is soft water a serious problem for aquatic life?
- Soft water makes nonmetals more poisonous
- Name three ways that nitrates enter a stream.
-
1.) Car exhaust
2.) Leaking septic tanks
3.) Animal Waste - How does oxygen get into streams?
- Diffusion, rapids, photosyn.
- What is synergism?
- When 2 or more sub. combine and produce effects greater than their sum
- Why do lakes tend to become more acidic as they age?
- Organic material builds up and forms carbonic acid
- Where int he body are the nitrates converted to the dangerous nitrites?
- Human Intestine
- Describe the chemical properties for CO2.
- CO2 is an odorless, colorless gas.
- When are CO2 levels the highest? Why?
- at night. Because that's when plants preform respiration
- Why is soem phosphorus needed in a strea?
- It stimulates growth of plankton + animals and water plants.
- Orthophosphate
- found in sewage
- Why might chlorine be present in a stream?
- textiles; paper mills; swimming pools; sewage treat. plate
- What removes CO2 from water in a stream/
- Photosynthesis
- Each unit change on the pH scales actually is a ____ fold change in concentration
- 10
- What disease is caused in fish if nitrites are present?
-
Brown Blood Disease
- How much of the worlds oxygen is produced by phytoplankton
- 75%
- What is inorganic nitrogen?
- gaseous nitrate, nitrite, NO CARBON
- Describe chlorines chemical properties?
- pH lowers - Cl more poisonous
- What pH range is best for fish?
- 6.5-8.2
- CO2 + H20 = ?
- H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
- Why are trihalomenthanes an important consideration?
- They are a cancerous to humans
- Describe how plants produce CO2
- Respiration at night