Biology Mid-Term Review
Terms
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- plant cell
- A small living part of a multicellular organism that makes its own food in chloroplast and reproduces sexually or asexually.
- cytokenesis
- the division of the cytoplasma of a cell; cytokinesis follows the division of the cell's nucleus by mitosis or meiosis
- isotopes
- atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain
- Hooke
- 1663, 1st person to observe (dead) cells; named them "cells". Used compound microscope & observed cork.
- cell wall
- a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell
- Interphase
- a period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins
- hypertonic solution
- a solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution
- FAD
- flavin adenine dinucleotide, a compound that acts as a hydrogen acceptor in dehydrogenation reactions
- passive transport
- movement of materials through the cell membrane without the use of energy
- binary fission
- a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
- hypothesis
- a guess that leads to further investigation
- nucleolus
- a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus
- NAD+
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, an organic molecule that serves as an electron carrier by being oxidized to NAD+ and reduced to NADH
- ribosomes
- small, dense particles that are found attached to ER or in clusters in the cytoplasm called polyribosomes. Ribosomes function in protein synthesis.
- light microscope
- microscope that uses a beam of light passing through one or more lenses to magnify an object
- Krebs Cycle
- a series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water; it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal, bacterial, and plant cells, and it releases energy
- eukaryotic
- Cells that contain a nucleus and organelles. All cells, except bacteria; are this.
- cell membrane
- a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell
- budding
- asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism
- diffusion
- the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density
- electrons
- These have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus
- saturated fat
- a lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms
- metric system
- a decimal system of weights and measures based on the meter and the kilogram and the second
- mitochondria
- the cells powerhouse, turning food into energy, it's where cellular respiration takes place. (Harvesting chemical energy).
- active transport
- transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient, with energy
- compounds
- a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a specific ratio or proportion
- chlorophyll
- Green, light-trapping pigment in plant chloroplasts that is important in photosynthesis.
- valence electrons
- The electrons in the outermost shell (main energy level) of an atom; these are the electrons involved in forming bonds.
- clone
- an organism that is produced by asexual reproduction and that is genetically identical to its parent; to make a genetic duplicate
- elements
- any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances,smallest unit in an atom, made up of only on kind of atom
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- A network of membranes inside eukarytoic cells invovled in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and/or Ca2+ storage
- cell cycle
- the life cycle of a cell; in eukaryotes, it consists of a cell-growth period in which DNA is synthesized and a cell-division period in which mitosis takes place
- covalent bonds
- form when electrons are shared between atoms
- mitosis
- in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes
- animal cell
- A small living part of a multicellular organism that eats to gain energy and reproduces sexually.
- autotrophs
- organisms that make their own food
- ionic bonds
- formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
- observation
- a statement based on something one has seen, heard or noticed
- vesicle
- A sac made of membrane inside of cells.
- cytoplasm
- The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane.
- analysis
- an investigation of the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole
- atomic number
- The number of protons in an atom's nucleus
- cell theory
- all living thing composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells produced from existing cells
- ATP
- adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups
- cellular respiration
- the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide
- fermentation
- a chemical phenomenon in which an organic molecule splits into simpler substances
- nuclear pores
- structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm
- peptide bonds
- The chemical bond formed between the carboxyl groups and amino groups of neighboring amino acids, constituting the primary linkage of all protein structures.
- conclusion
- a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration
- unsaturated fat
- A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms
- atomic mass
- The average mass of one atom of an element
- photosynthesis
- the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen
- neutralization
- a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base interact with the formation of a salt
- heterotrophs
- consumers, they rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply
- reactions
- The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction.
- amino acids
- are the basic structural building units of proteins.
- carboxyl groups
- COOH - Fatty acids, amino acids
- Metaphase
- one of the stages of mitosis and meiosis, during which all of the chromosomes move to the cell's equator
- nuclear envelope
- A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus. Made of two lipid bilayers that seperate the nucleus from the cytoplasm, semipermeable
- energy levels
- The specific amount of energy an electron has.
- Mendeleev
- Russian chemist who developed a periodic table of the chemical elements and predicted the discovery of several new elements (1834-1907)
- centrioles
- Two small structures that move to the ends of the cell. The spindle fibers are connected to these
- protiens
- substances that help build and maintain body cells and tissues
- telophase
- the final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes
- Golgi body
- a structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell
- isotonic solution
- a solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution
- diatomic molecules
- molecules made up of two atom of the same element
- pyruvic acids
- a colorless acid formed as an important intermediate in metabolism or fermentation
- osmosis
- diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
- nucleic acids
- large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; store and process info at the molecular level inside cells; two classes: DNA, RNA
- Prophase
- the first stage of mitosis and meiosis in cell division; characterized by the condensation of the chromosomes
- products
- Ending materials in a chemical reaction.
- neutrons
- These have no electrical charge, but add to the mass of the atom
- asexual reproduction
- reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
- Virchow
- German pathologist who recognized that all cells come from cells by binary fission and who emphasized cellular abnormalities in disease (1821-1902)
- daughter cell
- a cell formed by the division or budding of another cell
- chloroplasts
- organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis
- enzymes
- proteins that act as biological catalysts
- hypotonic solution
- a solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution
- leucoplasts
- organelles that store starches or oils
- Schwann
- German physiologist and histologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of plant and animal tissue (1810-1882)
- glycolysis
- a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP
- Electron transport chain
- a series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane
- electron microscope
- a microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light
- nucleotides
- Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases
- Properties of life
- cellular orginization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, responsivness, heredity, growth and development, evolution, interdependence
- endocytosis
- the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle
- pigments
- light absorbing molecules
- ionic compounds
- a compound made of oppositely charged ions
- rough endoplasmic reticulum
- System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm
- prokaryotic
- A primitive kind of cell containing no nucleus or organelles. All of these cells are organisms called bacteria.
- ions
- charged particles that form during chemical changes when one or more valence electrons transfer from one atom to another
- carbohydrates
- energy rich organic compounds made up of the elements carbon hydrogen and oxygen
- Schleiden
- German physiologist and histologist who in 1838 formulated the cell theory (1804-1881), all plants are made of cells
- anaphase
- a phase of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes separate
- protons
- The part of the atom's mass that has a positive charge
- regeneration
- the regrowth of missing tissues or organs
- pH
- How acidic or basic a substanceis, measured on a on a scale of 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very basic).
- control
- In an experiment, the standard used for comparison.
- catalyst
- a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected
- cell plate
- forms in the middle of cells that have a cell wall; it contains the materials for the new cell membranes and the new cell walls that seperate the new cells
- lipid
- a fatty substance that does not disolve in water
- ADP
- adenosine diphosphate, an organic molecule that is involved in energy metabolism; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and two phosphate groups
- nucleus
- a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
- molecules
- The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms; a group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces
- large central vacuole
- stores material and makes it possible for plants to store weight
- concentration gradient
- a difference in the concentration of a substance across a space
- lactic acid
- a clear odorless hygroscopic syrupy carboxylic acid found in sour milk and in many fruits
- light dependent reactions
- the initial reactions in photosynthesis, which are triggered by the absorption of light by photosystems I and II and include the passage of electrons along the electron transport chains, the production of NADPH and oxygen gas, and the synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis
- light independent reactions
- ATP, NADPH, and CO2 come into the Kreb cycle and glucose comes out
- data
- a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn
- exocytosis
- exports material out of cells vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and open up
- lysosome (vacuole)
- the organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolosis reactions that break down fats