exam 4
Terms
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- human chorionic gomadotrope
- the element that is found in the urine and determines the results of the pregnancy test. if the EPT test is working the control line will appear, if the other line appears, then the HCG was present in the urine and means she is pregers
- chromosome mediated resistance
- a form of acquired resistance against drugs that is aquired over many years, BNA bacteria acquire mutations, and these mutations accumulate over the years.
- autoimmunity
- our immune system does not fight against itself
- Human leukocyte antigen
- this encodes for MHC
- Type IV Delayed Type hypersensitivity
- the result of certain TH cells, called TD because they have a delayed reaction. they can occur from 12 hours to several weeks after exposure. the TD cells produce lymphokines that cause tissue damage. no antibodies involved. Order of events: sensitization, secondary contact, and then a delay of 48 hours
- desensitization shots
- a long-term treatment of exposing our body to small amounts of an allergen in order to make IgG. If your body can build up enough IgG, it will be able to block the allergen's attack.
- PMNL
- polymorphonuclear leukocyte.... nuetrophil
- AIDS
- body kills off the CD4 and the CD8 are unable to completely lyse the infected cell.
- phagolysosome
- a phagosome... a granule of the ingested debri or microbe found in body....that is now bound to lysozyme. the end result is a digested bacteria
- eosinophil
- the WBC found during 2 situations: allergies, and during parasitic infections
- Type I Immediate (Allergy)
- an immediate response, fast, ie: insect allergy, peanut allergy. can be local...hay fever, food allergy...or systemic....anaphalactic shock due to bee sting.
- Natural killer
- a cell that can kill some cancer cells and some are able to kill viral infected cells. it does not recognize Class I MHC, rather it is nonspecific and it recognizes the lack of something on the surface. not a B or T cell.
- agranulocytes
- MNL-monocytes
- transfusion reaction
- the reaction of mismatched blood. can result in fever, vomiting, and shock
- anti-histamine
- a short-term treatment that is able to block the ability of histamine to bind to smooth muscle or enter vessels
- disc diffusion technique
- a test for antibiotic susceptibility testing. it isolates bacteria from patient in order to see what it is sensitized by. a sample is taken and put on a disk which will show a clearing zone. this indicateswhich antibiotics will work.
- mediators
- they are released from the mast cells and basophils. histamine and leukotrienes (SRS-A)
- Anaphalaxis
- the loss of fluid from circulation, causes a great decrease in BP. this can cause bronchial constriction and can't breath.
- classical cascade
- the cascade that occurs after the antibody is produced. the complement can bind to the antibody to act as an opsonin and help phagocytize
- natural resistance
- mycoplasma resistant to penicillin b/c they don't have a cell wall, and many gram - bacteria are resistant to penicillin....the LPS outer membrane won't let drugs in.
- bone marrow transplant
- bone marrow can attack host. before bone marrow, the hosts body needs to be given chemo in order to destroy their immune system. this way the body is not able to destory the new transplant.
- R plasmids
- bacteria receive these through transformation, conjugation, and transduction. these are picked up by the bacteria, incorporated into future bacteria, and formed by mitosis
- Sensitization
- some antigens are allergens and stimulate our body to produce IgE instead on IgG/A. The IgE is able to bind to mast cells all over the body. Upon this mast cells exposure to the allergen. the vasoactive amines will be released into the circulation to produce an allergic reaction
- cold induced activity
- similar to asthma, but stimulated by cold air. they need to use an inhaler. common in younger children, they often grow out of it.
- ABO system
- if you have A blood, you will antibodies against B...so when exposed to B/AB blood you will have an agglutination reaction. AB reacts with nothing. and O is the universal donor...but agglutinates with all except itself
- rapid strep test
- a bead with antibodies on it is added to the serum, if the strep bacteria is present, they will agglutinate the beads together
- lymphoma
- cancer or tumor of the lymph node
- bee sting
- a release of fluid throughout your body. the mast cells that are affected by the allergen can be found all over the body. It is dangerous for the lung tissue to get exposed to this inflammation or we will lose the ability to breath.
- IgE
- an antibody involved in hypersensity, allergy
- therapeutic index
- a fraction that defines the toxicity of a drug to us. "toxic dose/therapeutic dose)". if = 1/1, we can expect it is very toxic to humans, and a great risk of side effects
- complement
- a serum protein, can break and bind to each other creating a cascade, will be involved in the classical or alternate, or the terminal complement cascade
- enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay
- one example of an assay. some examples include: pregnancy test, Hep B test, HIV tests, rapid strep.
- cytotoxic T lymphocyte response
- a virus infects the cell, then pieces of the virus are presented on the outside and a CTL(CD8) comes along and produces perforins along with the assistance of CD4 which releases cytokins which help kill the viral infected cell
- Type II Cytotoxic
- a hypersensitivity experienced during blood transfusions, and in the hemolytic disease of newborns
- Rhinovirus
- a virus that is able to attach and infect cells even after the antibody is bound to it.
- Asthma
- a type of Type I sensitivity. due ti allergens or air pollutants. Smooth muscle constriction and inflammation happen at the same time. Na cromyln, acts like epinephrine.
- T cells
- lymphocytes which play an influential role in the adaptive immune system
- arthritis
- anti-IgG antibodies react with Rheumatoid factor, these complexes get lodged in joints and cause damage or completely destruction...type III
- beta interferons
- produced by tissue cells (fibroblasts). they are produced by viral-infected cells to cause neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins which interfere with the viral protein synthesis
- langerhans cells
- cells that are commonly found in the dermis
- autograft
- a transplant from yourself. an organ is moved from one part of the body to another.
- chronic granulomatous disease
- the body has non-functional nuetrophils, congenital disease, increases bacterial infections
- epinephrine
- a short-term treatment that is available to immediately reverse the constriction of smooth muscles.
- Antigen-presenting cell
- cells that can phagocytize an antigen/microbe; it destroys and antigen and spits it out as a peptide on the outsife of a cell. this activates the immune system. possible cells:macrophage, dendritic, langerhans, endothelial, and B lymphocyte
- Neutrophils
- phagocytes that are short lived. they live for about 2 days in our body, traveling around looking for things to destroy, they are nonspecific. they are the first to arrive at site of inflammation
- allograft
- a transplant from another person who is not genetically related.
- Hemolytic disease
- the mother is Rh+ and the fetus is Rh-. when the mother's blood is exposed to the fetus's blood, it will make an antigen, IgM. This antibody cannot cross the placenta and will have no effect on the first pregnancy. During the second pregnancy, the mother's IgM can make IgG which can cross the placenta and lead to the destruction of all the fetus's RBC
- urishol
- the oliy ingrediant that is able to penetrate the skin and causes our response to poison ivy. the body overreacts to a stimulus. clonal expansion occurs and at the second exposure all of these TD cells release lymphokines which leads to a big response (inflammation can spread but cannot be spread from person to person unless you also come into contact with this oil
- leukotrienes
- mediators that constrict bronchioles
- IgD
- an antibody found on the surface of B cells, the function of it is not known
- cyclosporin
- an immunosuppressive drug.
- histamine
- a mediator that causes increased vascular permeability, dilates blood vessels, and constricts the smooth muscle of the bronchioles
- serological tests
- tests used to detect antibodies that have been made against the infectious agent or antigen, and detect infectious agents or antigens (aka assay)
- primary lymphoid organs
- matture B and T cells are produced by these organs. include bone marrow and thymus
- Food allergy
- when histamine is produced by mast cells in the intestines. The histamine causes the vessels to become leaky, and the smooth muscles of the diarrhea contract. it causes nausea and diarrhea.
- nonspecific interior defense
- inflammation, phagocytosis, complement, and interferon
- acquired resistance
- antibiotics take out the antibiotic sensitive strains as well as our natural biota, and leaves the resistant ones. ie. staphylococcus aureus....chromosome mediated, R plasmids
- active
- you are having an immune response and your body is making antibodies against the toxin
- IgM
- the antibody that is made in the first immune response, pentameter, unable to cross the placenta
- acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- few T-helper cells, caused by HIV, and increases microbial (viral) infections
- atopic
- describes a person who makes a lot of IgE
- Rhogam (anti-rh antibodies)
- a drug that is used to clean up the babies blood from Gm + mothers blood before her body detects it. It phagocytizes them by neutrophils.
- Major histocompatibility complex
- an identifier used on transplants. if this is too different, you may reject it. brothers and sisters are almost identical most of the time. this increases chances of success.
- MNL
- a mononuclear leukocyte....monocyte
- passive
- receiving antibodies produced by another organism
- Immunodeficiency
- an inadequate immune response; AIDS and SCID
- serum sickness
- can occur when proteins from animal serum is introduced itn o the body in medical treatments. complexes form that produce a hive-like rash along with swollen and tender joints.
- immunoregulation
- our body's ability to recognize itself, involve T suppressor cells or a danger signal that will shut the system down when enough is enough
- IgA
- an antibody that is secreted into the gut, mucous membranes, breast milk, dimer...may receive from oral vaccinations
- hepatitis
- chronic viral hepatitis can cause a destructive inflammation of blood vessels...type III
- Type III Immune complex
- hallmarks: antigen/antibody complexes, amnt of them are removed by macrophages; lots of antibodies leads to small complexes; small complexes are able to get lodged in the capillaries -->complement activation of leukocytes -->chronic inflammation --> rash; often involved in autoimmune disorders
- prontosil
- a drug that is metabolized by the liver and is activated into a sulfa drug.
- granulocytes
- PMNL, neutrophils, eosinophil, and basophils. these contain lysozyme, protease, DNAase, RNAase, and lipase....all of which can break down macromolecules
- Trypanosome
- a protozoan that is able to change the proteins (antigens) on the surface of the cell often enough to trick the immune system.
- lupus
- an autoimmune disorder that is caused by anti-nuclear antibodies....type III
- secondary lymphoid tissue
- B and T cells are stored and interact here. include: spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and peyer's patch
- complete blood count
- a test that analyzes a mL of blood and is able to record values and abnormal shapes
- interferons
- a non-specific infection against viral infection. they are host specific, virus non-specific, and are induced by only some viruses.
- isograft
- a transplant from a genetically identical twin
- drug resistance
- Need to prevent overuse of antibiotics, tetracycline is commonly used in cattle feed to promote growth, if you do not take the proper dose for enough time you will create resistant bacteria, and insurance coverage is too cheap to run the necessary testing to find a medication that would independently work, so many people are on 2 antibiotics.
- respiratory burst
- the process of neutrophils when they start making free radicals...supraoxide. this activates more neutrophils to the site of injury
- Leukocyte differential count
- a blood smear that can be used to diagnose problems or detects any abnormalities with the WBC
- xenograft
- a transplant from a different species
- inflammation
- hallmarks include: erythema, edema, heat, and pain. 1-cytokines are stimulated (C3b), 2-vasodilation, 3-chemokines attract phagocytes, 4- Nuetrophils and monocytes arrive
- cell membranes, plasma proteins, and blood/brain barrier
- barriers to drugs
- IgG
- a major serum antibody, can cross the placent, monomer....may receive from shots
- Hypersensitivity
- a robust immune response, this includes genetic defects and normal immune responses
- severe combined immunodeficiency
- no B or T cells, congenital disease, the person needs a germ-free environment or a transplant.
- cancer
- these are diffeicult for the immune system to control because: they can attack the immune system itself, and then the immune system needs to kill itself; can be hard for the immune system to keep up with the rapidly dividing cells; some cells are able to cloak themselves so it is not detectable by the immune system
- terminal complement cascade
- the effect that complement can effect on the cell wall. it can punch holes in it, it lyses, and dies
- Thoracic duct
- a connection of the lymphatic circulatory system into the subclavian vein of the circulatory system
- inhibit cell wall, cell membrane, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and folic acid synthesis
- modes of action against microbes....the targets of antimicrobial drugs
- dendritic cells
- commonly found stationary in the lymphnodes and spleen
- alternate cascade
- the cascade before the antibody is produced. the C3 hydrolyzes into C3a (an inflammatory mediator which recruits more neutrophils to the area) and C3b (an opsonin)
- humoral response
- the body's response to antigens that B cells detect. cytokines are used to help the activated T cell mitose. plasma cells are released (which end up making more antibodies) as well as memory cells
- adenovirus
- a virus that hids the presence of its infection; there is no protein embedded in the plasma membrane....therefore the immune system doesn't recognize it.
- B cells
- lymphocytes which release antibodies
- immunosuppressive drug
- a drug that suppresses the immune system so the body will accept the graft. increase chance to get more colds