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Animal Nutrition Quiz 1

Terms

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What is nutrition?
The sum of the processes in which an animal or plant takes food and utilizes it for growth, tissue repair and replacement, or elaboration of products.
What is a nutrient?
Any substance in food that the body can use to either obtain energy, synthesize tissues, or regulate body processes.
What are the classes of nutrients?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water.
Which nutrients provide energy to tissues?
Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
Which nutrient provides the most energy?
Lipids (9 kcal/g)
What is an essential nutrient?
A substance that must be obtained in the diet, because the body either can't make it or can't make adequate amounts of it. It is defined in growing animals.
What is a nonessential nutrient?
A substance that the body can make sufficient quantities of it if it's lacking in the diet.
What are the macronutrients?
Carbs, proteins, lipids, and water.
What are the micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals
What is the difference between plants and animals?
Plants go through photosynthesis and require less nutrients and are made of carbs. Animals contain protein and require about 40 nutrients.
What is the global meat consumption?
Global demand will increase, it has doubled in the last 25 yrs and the demand for white meat will increase twice as fast as red meat.
Why is meat consumption increasing rapidly?
Due to the growth of the population, increased demand, economic growth and increased income
Who will produce meat in the future?
Brazil, India or Congo due to availability of land and water.
Ruminants
multi compartmented stomach which are reticulum, rumen, omasum and the true stomach which is the abomasum.
Examples of Ruminants
cows, sheep, goats, cattle, giraffe etc
Non ruminant
aka Monogastric animals only have one true stomach which is the abomasum.
Examples of Monogastric animals
Human, pig, poultry, rabbits dogs etc
Body compostion table
Humans W60-70 P14-18 F13-19
Pigs W50-58 P18-21 F20-25
Calf W74 P19 F3

Essential Amino Acids
Phenyalanine, Histodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Valine, Arginine
Semi Essetial Amino Acids
Tyrosine Cystine Cysteine Glutamine and Glycine
Water Souluble Vitamins
Thiamin Biotin Niacin Folacin Choline Pyridoxine Phanthoine Cobalamine
Fat souluble vitamins
K, menadine E,tocopherol D cholesterol, A retinoid
MacroMinerals
Sulfur Sodium Calcium Chloride Phosphurus Potassium Magnesium
Microminerala
Cobalt, chromium, iodine, maganese, selenium, zinc iron copper
FeedStuffs
and edible material that provieds nutrients
Categories of Feed Stuff
Energy feed, protien supplements, vitamin supplements, mineral supplements, forages and nonnutritive additives
Energy Feeds
Yellow corn, Sorghum, Wheat, barley, rice, oats, dried whey, DDGS, glycerin
Yellow corn
Us is the #1 producer, most widely used energy source, 3420 kcal ME/kg
8.3% protein
ground or cracked

forms of corn
White corn-vitamin a deficient
Sweet corn-high in sugar that doesnt turn into startch
waxey corn- amylopectin(starch) 100%

GMO forms of corn
Hishlysine- 30%lysine used for cows or poultry
High Oil corn-6-7% oil
BT-corn- insect resistant has a bt toxin that is fatal to bug



Sorghum
produced where corn doesnt grow in the semi and western reigons
3340 kcal ME/kg
9.2% protien rolled or ground
*tannin found in seed coat


Wheat
produced in north central (spring) high plains (winter)
expensive 3200-3300 kcal ME/kg
11.5-14.1% protein
ground or cracked by product for animals


Millfeeds
wheat bran 10%fiber
wheat germ meal is 3.5%fiber
weat shorts 8.2% fiber
wheat middlings 7% fibetr




Oats
produced in mid western and north central states
2735 ME
11.5%protein
High in fiber
Ulcer prevention expensive



Barley
Produced in north central and far western states 2198 ME 11% protein Intial refusal by pig
Rice
south central states by products are for animal feed contains 2850 ME 13.3% protein
feed to dairy cows
What is the difference in regional use?
Us- corn and sorghum
EU- barley and wheat
Dried Whey
portion of milk that remains after the causine and fat have been removed for chesse production. used for newly weaned animals. high in milk and sugar 12.1% protien 3190ME
DDGS
Dried Distillers grains with solubles. by product from the production of ethanol. corn is 61% startch and 30%ethanol. source of amino acids and phosphurus nutrients are concentrated 3 fold.
what happens when corn is used to produce ethanol?
myotoxin levels increase. it is mainly used for ruminants
Glycerin
by product of bio diesel. An alternative fuel made from oils and fats nc is #1 lead. Absorbed in stomach and used for energy
What is harmful in glycerin
Methanol because it cant be metabolized
Protien Supplements
Soybean Meal, Cottenseed Meal, Canola Meal, Sunflower Seed meal, sesame seed meal, peanut meal, linseed
Soybean Meal
#1 source of protein in US two grades 44% w/hulls 48% w/o hulls high lysine content contains anti nutritional factors
Anti Nutritional Factors
Trypsin inhibitor (TI)
Kuntz TI- heat liable major
Bowman Birk TI-heat stable very little amounts

Cotten Seed meal
low lysiine 41-36% protein doof for ruminants bad for chicken contains gossyp a antinutrional factor, cheap
Gossyp
kills fast growing cells. made up of poly thenals which is a good antioxidant. FeSO4 will detoxify
Canola Meal
Mainly producedi in western part of canada and north dakota. 36-39%protein high lysine and goitrogen is anti nutritional factor
Sunflower Seed Meal
Produced in Dakotas low lysine high fiber good for ruminants
Sesame Seed Meal
low lysine goood for ruminants high in Met and Try
Peanut Meal
45% protein low lysine contamination of alfatoxins
Linseed Meal
produced in minesota and dakotas and texas 35% protien low lysine laxative effects diets contains vitamin b6
Vitamin B6 antagonist
linatine prevents synthesis production of the muscle
Milk by products
Dried skim milk 34%protein
fish meal
uses whole fish or by product
Mackrel, Herring, Menhaden contains 60-65%protien used primarily on swine and poultry
Meat/bone meal
by products of meat processing
fed to monogastric animals only sense 1997
Blood Products
Centrifuse blood seperating blood cells from plasma.
blood meal
dried blood
Plasma protein
drid plasma is most expensive good source of protien for youth
whole blood cells
dried problems with digesting it is legal to feed to ruminants except in china
Feather meal
Poultry feathers high in protien 80% low digestability add enzymes (keranase) to help
Crystaline Amino Acids
fermintation or chemical process lysine used in over 50% of feeds methinein, threonine and lastis tryptophan
Fat Supplementation
Types can effect meat quality in monogastric animals hard (desiralbe) vs soft. fat is energy source using less metabolic heat
Benefits of Fat Supplementation
Increase energy faster than CHO
Dust control
imrprovement of health
formula density
source of essteintial fatty acids



Forages
vegetable materials Alfalfa, clover, silage (fermentated)
Hay rye grass, timothy, bermuda
Mineral Sources in feed
(calcium)
Calcium: ground limestone 39%
oyster shell 33%
Steamed meat &bone 5-7.5%
Trical phosphate 34%
Dical phosohate 22%
monocal phosphate 16.5%




Mineral sources in feed (p)
mostly phytate highly in steamed meat and bone meal
dical phosphate 18.5%
monocal phosphate 21.5%

Phytase
enzyme that breaks down phytate
Cecal
hind gut fermantors rodents
Colonic
digesters with a sacculated colon donkey pig
Fermentors
areas in gi tract where extensive digestion occurs
General function of GIT
effecient digestion or breakdown of feeds to molecular size to distribute as nutrients, absorbtion and rejection of harmful
Digestion
reduces food to molecular size or add solubility suitable for absorbtion
How does digestive system prepare for absorbtion
Mechanical, Chemical or Hydrolysis of ingesta
Mechanical
Mechanical mastacian in mouth and muscle contraction in stomach and intestine

Chemical
Chemical hcl in stomach liver makes bile stored in gall bladder HCO3 from pancreas
Hydrylosis of Ingesta
enzymes produced in the git or from microrganisms in various sites of tract
Absorbtion
Allows passage of small nutrient molecules, from lumen, mucosal cells, blood or lymph systems
Order of the GIT
Mouth-Esophagus-stomach(reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum)-liver/gall-pancreas-small-large instestine
Mouth
chewing or masticating food
Salviry glands submaxillary partoids or sublingual
Saliva
99.4 water 6.35-8 of ph
forms food bolus aids in swallowing, tastes iniates enzymes for digestive process
cow 150L
horse 40L
human 1L



Esophagus
Esophageal peristalsis
Stomach
slow relase of feed into the small intestine controlled by pyloric sphicter; short term resivior 3 areas cardiac, fundus and pylorus
Cardiac Reigon
produces mucus to protect from gastric secretion (HCl)
Fundus Region
linis is covered with gastric glands
Fundus Reigon
produces secreation of acid enzymes and mucus
parietal cells produce (Hcl)
cheif cells produce pepsinogin

Parietal cells produce?
HCl
Cheif (peptic) cells
produce pepsinogen
Pylourus Reigon
secretes mucus pyloric cells produce gastrin hormone that stimulates hydrochloric acid procuction
Mucus Composed of..
mucin and inorganic salts
Mucin glycosylated protiens (cys, ser, thr)
Liver
vascular; forms lymph
metabolic;control of nutrients metabolized
secretory and exocretory; synthesis of bile and secretion

Pancreas
neutalization of acid digesta from the stomach by HCO3-
secretion of insulin for protien and energy
digestive enzymes

small intestine
enzymatic digestin of food, secreted from intestinal brush bladder
Compartments of Smaall Intestine
duedenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum

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