Animal Nutrition Quiz 1
Terms
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- What is nutrition?
- The sum of the processes in which an animal or plant takes food and utilizes it for growth, tissue repair and replacement, or elaboration of products.
- What is a nutrient?
- Any substance in food that the body can use to either obtain energy, synthesize tissues, or regulate body processes.
- What are the classes of nutrients?
- Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water.
- Which nutrients provide energy to tissues?
- Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
- Which nutrient provides the most energy?
- Lipids (9 kcal/g)
- What is an essential nutrient?
- A substance that must be obtained in the diet, because the body either can't make it or can't make adequate amounts of it. It is defined in growing animals.
- What is a nonessential nutrient?
- A substance that the body can make sufficient quantities of it if it's lacking in the diet.
- What are the macronutrients?
- Carbs, proteins, lipids, and water.
- What are the micronutrients?
- Vitamins and minerals
- What is the difference between plants and animals?
- Plants go through photosynthesis and require less nutrients and are made of carbs. Animals contain protein and require about 40 nutrients.
- What is the global meat consumption?
- Global demand will increase, it has doubled in the last 25 yrs and the demand for white meat will increase twice as fast as red meat.
- Why is meat consumption increasing rapidly?
- Due to the growth of the population, increased demand, economic growth and increased income
- Who will produce meat in the future?
- Brazil, India or Congo due to availability of land and water.
- Ruminants
- multi compartmented stomach which are reticulum, rumen, omasum and the true stomach which is the abomasum.
- Examples of Ruminants
- cows, sheep, goats, cattle, giraffe etc
- Non ruminant
- aka Monogastric animals only have one true stomach which is the abomasum.
- Examples of Monogastric animals
- Human, pig, poultry, rabbits dogs etc
- Body compostion table
-
Humans W60-70 P14-18 F13-19
Pigs W50-58 P18-21 F20-25
Calf W74 P19 F3 - Essential Amino Acids
- Phenyalanine, Histodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Valine, Arginine
- Semi Essetial Amino Acids
- Tyrosine Cystine Cysteine Glutamine and Glycine
- Water Souluble Vitamins
- Thiamin Biotin Niacin Folacin Choline Pyridoxine Phanthoine Cobalamine
- Fat souluble vitamins
- K, menadine E,tocopherol D cholesterol, A retinoid
- MacroMinerals
- Sulfur Sodium Calcium Chloride Phosphurus Potassium Magnesium
- Microminerala
- Cobalt, chromium, iodine, maganese, selenium, zinc iron copper
- FeedStuffs
- and edible material that provieds nutrients
- Categories of Feed Stuff
- Energy feed, protien supplements, vitamin supplements, mineral supplements, forages and nonnutritive additives
- Energy Feeds
- Yellow corn, Sorghum, Wheat, barley, rice, oats, dried whey, DDGS, glycerin
- Yellow corn
-
Us is the #1 producer, most widely used energy source, 3420 kcal ME/kg
8.3% protein
ground or cracked - forms of corn
-
White corn-vitamin a deficient
Sweet corn-high in sugar that doesnt turn into startch
waxey corn- amylopectin(starch) 100% - GMO forms of corn
-
Hishlysine- 30%lysine used for cows or poultry
High Oil corn-6-7% oil
BT-corn- insect resistant has a bt toxin that is fatal to bug
- Sorghum
-
produced where corn doesnt grow in the semi and western reigons
3340 kcal ME/kg
9.2% protien rolled or ground
*tannin found in seed coat - Wheat
-
produced in north central (spring) high plains (winter)
expensive 3200-3300 kcal ME/kg
11.5-14.1% protein
ground or cracked by product for animals - Millfeeds
-
wheat bran 10%fiber
wheat germ meal is 3.5%fiber
weat shorts 8.2% fiber
wheat middlings 7% fibetr
- Oats
-
produced in mid western and north central states
2735 ME
11.5%protein
High in fiber
Ulcer prevention expensive - Barley
- Produced in north central and far western states 2198 ME 11% protein Intial refusal by pig
- Rice
-
south central states by products are for animal feed contains 2850 ME 13.3% protein
feed to dairy cows - What is the difference in regional use?
-
Us- corn and sorghum
EU- barley and wheat - Dried Whey
- portion of milk that remains after the causine and fat have been removed for chesse production. used for newly weaned animals. high in milk and sugar 12.1% protien 3190ME
- DDGS
- Dried Distillers grains with solubles. by product from the production of ethanol. corn is 61% startch and 30%ethanol. source of amino acids and phosphurus nutrients are concentrated 3 fold.
- what happens when corn is used to produce ethanol?
- myotoxin levels increase. it is mainly used for ruminants
- Glycerin
- by product of bio diesel. An alternative fuel made from oils and fats nc is #1 lead. Absorbed in stomach and used for energy
- What is harmful in glycerin
- Methanol because it cant be metabolized
- Protien Supplements
- Soybean Meal, Cottenseed Meal, Canola Meal, Sunflower Seed meal, sesame seed meal, peanut meal, linseed
- Soybean Meal
- #1 source of protein in US two grades 44% w/hulls 48% w/o hulls high lysine content contains anti nutritional factors
- Anti Nutritional Factors
-
Trypsin inhibitor (TI)
Kuntz TI- heat liable major
Bowman Birk TI-heat stable very little amounts - Cotten Seed meal
- low lysiine 41-36% protein doof for ruminants bad for chicken contains gossyp a antinutrional factor, cheap
- Gossyp
- kills fast growing cells. made up of poly thenals which is a good antioxidant. FeSO4 will detoxify
- Canola Meal
- Mainly producedi in western part of canada and north dakota. 36-39%protein high lysine and goitrogen is anti nutritional factor
- Sunflower Seed Meal
- Produced in Dakotas low lysine high fiber good for ruminants
- Sesame Seed Meal
- low lysine goood for ruminants high in Met and Try
- Peanut Meal
- 45% protein low lysine contamination of alfatoxins
- Linseed Meal
- produced in minesota and dakotas and texas 35% protien low lysine laxative effects diets contains vitamin b6
- Vitamin B6 antagonist
- linatine prevents synthesis production of the muscle
- Milk by products
- Dried skim milk 34%protein
- fish meal
-
uses whole fish or by product
Mackrel, Herring, Menhaden contains 60-65%protien used primarily on swine and poultry - Meat/bone meal
-
by products of meat processing
fed to monogastric animals only sense 1997 - Blood Products
- Centrifuse blood seperating blood cells from plasma.
- blood meal
- dried blood
- Plasma protein
- drid plasma is most expensive good source of protien for youth
- whole blood cells
- dried problems with digesting it is legal to feed to ruminants except in china
- Feather meal
- Poultry feathers high in protien 80% low digestability add enzymes (keranase) to help
- Crystaline Amino Acids
- fermintation or chemical process lysine used in over 50% of feeds methinein, threonine and lastis tryptophan
- Fat Supplementation
- Types can effect meat quality in monogastric animals hard (desiralbe) vs soft. fat is energy source using less metabolic heat
- Benefits of Fat Supplementation
-
Increase energy faster than CHO
Dust control
imrprovement of health
formula density
source of essteintial fatty acids - Forages
-
vegetable materials Alfalfa, clover, silage (fermentated)
Hay rye grass, timothy, bermuda -
Mineral Sources in feed
(calcium) -
Calcium: ground limestone 39%
oyster shell 33%
Steamed meat &bone 5-7.5%
Trical phosphate 34%
Dical phosohate 22%
monocal phosphate 16.5% - Mineral sources in feed (p)
-
mostly phytate highly in steamed meat and bone meal
dical phosphate 18.5%
monocal phosphate 21.5% - Phytase
- enzyme that breaks down phytate
- Cecal
- hind gut fermantors rodents
- Colonic
- digesters with a sacculated colon donkey pig
- Fermentors
- areas in gi tract where extensive digestion occurs
- General function of GIT
- effecient digestion or breakdown of feeds to molecular size to distribute as nutrients, absorbtion and rejection of harmful
- Digestion
- reduces food to molecular size or add solubility suitable for absorbtion
- How does digestive system prepare for absorbtion
- Mechanical, Chemical or Hydrolysis of ingesta
- Mechanical
-
Mechanical mastacian in mouth and muscle contraction in stomach and intestine
- Chemical
- Chemical hcl in stomach liver makes bile stored in gall bladder HCO3 from pancreas
- Hydrylosis of Ingesta
- enzymes produced in the git or from microrganisms in various sites of tract
- Absorbtion
- Allows passage of small nutrient molecules, from lumen, mucosal cells, blood or lymph systems
- Order of the GIT
- Mouth-Esophagus-stomach(reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum)-liver/gall-pancreas-small-large instestine
- Mouth
-
chewing or masticating food
Salviry glands submaxillary partoids or sublingual - Saliva
-
99.4 water 6.35-8 of ph
forms food bolus aids in swallowing, tastes iniates enzymes for digestive process
cow 150L
horse 40L
human 1L - Esophagus
- Esophageal peristalsis
- Stomach
- slow relase of feed into the small intestine controlled by pyloric sphicter; short term resivior 3 areas cardiac, fundus and pylorus
- Cardiac Reigon
- produces mucus to protect from gastric secretion (HCl)
- Fundus Region
- linis is covered with gastric glands
- Fundus Reigon
-
produces secreation of acid enzymes and mucus
parietal cells produce (Hcl)
cheif cells produce pepsinogin - Parietal cells produce?
- HCl
- Cheif (peptic) cells
- produce pepsinogen
- Pylourus Reigon
- secretes mucus pyloric cells produce gastrin hormone that stimulates hydrochloric acid procuction
- Mucus Composed of..
-
mucin and inorganic salts
Mucin glycosylated protiens (cys, ser, thr) - Liver
-
vascular; forms lymph
metabolic;control of nutrients metabolized
secretory and exocretory; synthesis of bile and secretion - Pancreas
-
neutalization of acid digesta from the stomach by HCO3-
secretion of insulin for protien and energy
digestive enzymes - small intestine
- enzymatic digestin of food, secreted from intestinal brush bladder
- Compartments of Smaall Intestine
- duedenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum