vocab for chapter 5
Terms
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- infection
- when microbes enter the tissues
- septicemia
- when microbes are present and multiply in the blood
- suppressor T cells
- produce chemicals that inhibit or call off an immune response
- B lymphocytes
- develop from stem cells in the red bone marrow. can differentiate into plasma cells and b memory cells
- mutualism
- an obligatory relationship that is positive for both organisms
- transient body flora
- organisms that inhabit the body sporadically
- incidence
- the number of new cases of a disease in a specific time period
- prevalence
- the number of people infected with a pathogen at any one time
- neutrophil
- the most common phagocyte that is usually first at an invasion site. most active in killing bacteria
- lymphotoxin
- molecules, produces by killer T cells, that kill virtually infected cells by producing holes in the cells cell membrane
- local infection
- when a disease organism is confined to a specific area within the host
- colonization
- when microbe exist on a surface
- memory T cells
- long lives cells that differentiate quickly into various T cells so you can respond rapidly to another attack by the same microbe ( bacteria, virus, ect)
- class 2 MHC receptors
- protein receptors found on the cell membrane of certain lymphocytes ( B cells, killer and helper T cells, and macrophages) plus special epithelial cells
- Gama interferon
- help activate killer T cells. encourages B cells to produce antibodies. Keeps macrophages at the site of the infection
- naturally acquired active immunity
- immunity that results from an immune response to foreign cells or microbes that enter the body
- parasitism
- when a relationship is positive for one organism and negative for the other
- propagated epidemic
- when the microbe is spread from person to person
- monocytes
- a phagocyte that starts out in the blood and then leaves the blood and enters the tissues, becoming a macrophage
- endotoxin
- a toxin that is associated with the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
- nonsocomial infection
- an infection acuired in a hospital or other medical facility
- B cell growth factor
- encourages B lymphocytes to multiply
- reservoir
- place where microbes are perpetuated in nature
- pathogenicity
- an organisms ability to cause disease
- resident body flora
- will established organisms that receive nutrients from the host
- competition
- a relationship where both organisms are harmed
- Complement
- a system of 20 plasma proteins that lyse foreign microbes
- carriers
- a human reservoir. the person carries and spreads the disease with out necessarily having symptoms
- disease
- when there is noticeable harm to the host body and its functions
- immunologic tolerance
- when cells of the immune system recognize self and do not attack their host
- endogenous disease
- a disease that is caused by normal body flora
- virulence
- the characteristics of an organism that increase its ability to cause disease
- lymphokine
- chemicals produced by white blood cells and used by the cells to communicate with one another
- invasive phase
- when the disease develops its most severe symptoms
- interleukin 1
- stimulates helper T lymphocytes. stimulates the production of prostaglandins, which cause disease symptoms such as fever
- helper T cells
- commander and chief of the immune system. produce: interleukin 2, BCGF, BCDF, and gamma interferon
- bacteremia
- when microbes are present in the blood but they don't multiply
- exotoxin
- a protein toxin secreted by an organism into the host tissue
- commensalism
- when a relationship is positive for one organism and neutral for the other
- complement
- a tissue defense that consists of a group of 20 serum proteins that interact with antigen antibody complexes
- immunologic competence
- the ability of a T or B cell to differentiate into cells that perform specific immune reactions
- contagious disease
- when a communicable disease is easily spread from host to host
- class 1 MHC receptors
- protein receptors unique to each individual and found on the cell membranes of all body cells
- antigenic determinant
- chains of amino acids that can trigger an immune response
- symbiosis
- when two or more organisms live together with one organism acting as the host
- invasiveness
- a component of virulence. how well a microbe can infect a host
- exogenous disease
- a disease caused by organisms from a source other then the body itself
- infectious disease
- a disease that involves a microbe
- epidemic
- a short term increase in the occurrence of the disease in a population
- decline
- period when the hosts immune system is overcoming the pathogen and symptoms are decreasing
- endemic
- when a decrease is always present within a population
- toxigenicity
- the ability of a microbe to produce a toxin
- innate immunity
- natural resistance based on heredity
- acme
- the period with the most intense symptoms
- artificially acquired active immunity
- immunity that results from a vaccination
- opportunistic disease
- when a microbe can cause a disease if the host defenses are reduced or if the organism gains access to a part of the host where it can evade normal defenses
- Plasma cells
- produce anti bodies
- incubation period
- the time between when a host is first infected and when symptoms first appear
- Memory B cells
- Long lived cells that can rapidly differentiate into plasma cells and more memory cells so you can respond quickly to memory cells so you can respond quickly to another attack by a microbe
- T cells
- lymphocytes that mature in the thymus (become competent) Can differentiate into regulatory T cells (helper, suppressor), killer T cells and memory cells. all play a role in ones immune response
- naturally acquired passive immunity
- when a host receive antibodies from another individuals, via mothers milk or across the placenta
- contamination
- when microbes are present
- focal infection
- an infection that serves as a source of organisms and toxins that spread to other areas in the host
- synergism
- a nonobligatory relationship where organisms simply live better in the presence of one another
- acute disease
- a disease that develops rapidly
- Interleukin 2
- produced by helper T cells. stimulates other helper cells, as well as sensitized T and B cells, to grow and divide
- latent disease
- a disease where there are periods where the host is relatively asymptomatic
- t killer cells
- cells of the immune system that respond primarily to cells invaded by a virus, tissue transplants, and cancer cells. can kill their target cells with lymphotoxins
- anamnestic response
- the quick immune response that occurs when an individual encounters the same disease organism a second, third, ect, time
- vector
- an animal other then man that can transmit a disease
- lymphocytes
- granular white blood cells. play a role in ones specific immune response.
- B cell differentiation facter
- encourages B lymphocytes to start producing antibodies
- eosinophis
- a phagocyte that consumes debris from allergic reactions and secretes antihistamines. attacks parasitic worms
- systemic infection
- an infection that has spread through out the body
- endogenous antigen
- a molecule produced by cells invaded by a virus and places on the cell membrane of the infected cell. stimulates T cells to produce clones of killer cells and memory cells
- communicable disease
- when an infectious disease can spread from one host to another
- macrophage
- a phagocyte (CD4) that digests large molecules into antigenic determinants and presents them to T- CD cells. produces interleukin 1
- artificially acquired passive immunity
- administration of antibodies via inoculation
- antibodies
- proteins secreted by plasma cells that bind to free antigens marking them for destruction by other components of the immune system
- convalescence
- the recovery phase when tissues repair and healing takes place. no symptoms
- pandemic
- a long term increase of a disease in a large population
- common source epidemic
- when victims of the disease have all come in contact with the same contaminated substance