LEA lecture Test 1
Terms
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- Define lab animal
- any animal used for obtaining information that is usually applied to a different species
- What are the two main uses of lab animals?
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1. Investigation of human dz
2. Production of biological substances for prevention/control of dz - What is the ASPCA?
- American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
- What is the HSUS? What is their stance of using animals in research?
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Humane Society of the United States
-recognizes the need for animals in research but lobbies for humane treatment and restraint in unnecessary use of animals - What is AALAS? What so they do?
- American Association of Laboratory Animal Science - is an organization of individuals and institutions concerned w/ the production, care, and study of lab animals
- What is ILAR? What are they a source of?
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources - resource for the humane care and standards of lab animal use
- What is the AAALAC? What do they do?
- American Association for the Accreditation of Laboratory Care - establishes standards that labs adhere to in order to be a reputable lab It is voluntary, but a good institution will get this accreditation.
- The concept that an animal used in research is selected for it similarities (physical/behavioral) to the species that the research is being applied to is known as what?
- Animal model
- Why are animals used as models?
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1. Decreases # of unknowns
2. Humans live too long for research
3. Can't keep humans in a sterile environment
4. Humans have unclear genetics - too many variables - Four criteria to evaluate when selecting and animal model
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1. Similar characteristics to species research applied to
2. Size
3. Productivity
4. Longevity - What is the biological science dealing w/ heredity called?
- Genetics
- What is heredity?
- xmission of characteristics from parent to offspring
- What are the four breeding systems for lab animals?
- Random (out-bred), Inbreeding, Hybrid, Mutants
- Describe random/out-bred breeding system
- Non-related animals bred together w/o consideration to their ancestry.
- Describe inbreeding system of lab animal breeding
- related animals bred together to produce genetically similar animals w/ traits that do not vary from generation to generation
- How many generations of consecutive brother-sister or parent-offspring mating is need to produce animals that are genetically pure (99.8%)?
- Minimum of 20 generations
- What is a hybrid?
- First generation from crossing two different inbred strains
- What is a mutant?
- Has a specific mutation from random or inbred breeding - vy expensive, usually poor-doers, ideal for specific research
- What is the biological science dealing w/ producing & maintaining animals w/ known microorganisms in a controlled environment called?
- Gnotobiology
- Main concept of Gnotobiology?
- germ-free
- Two reasons to use gnotobiotes?
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1. Provides guaranteed dz free animals for research
2. All microorganisms present in the animal have been defined (researcher knows exactly what is present) - What is SPF?
- Specific Pathogen Free - Animals have diverse microorganisms but **not** specific pathogens that researcher does not want them to have
- What are five factors that should be considered when designing a research facility?
- Temperature, ventilation, lighting, noises, and bedding
- When it comes to cleaning cages, clean off the what first? Why?
- Crusty stuff! Many cleaners are neutralized by organics
- What are some methods identifying animals in a research lab?
- Cage cards, non-permanent fur marking w/ markers/paint, ear-notching, tattoos, microchips, banding, and collars
- Where do all mice come from?
- Mouse-fanciers breeding in the 1800's
- What is the most common research animal?
- Mice
- Four uses of mice?
- Pets, vax challenges, infectious dz studies, and xplant studies
- What does sick mouse syndrome look like?
- Mouse has a ruffled/disheveled coat, hunched back - just plain doesn't look well
- Are mice diurnal or nocturnal?
- diurnal
- What is best food for lab rodents? Why?
- Lab block - nutritionally balanced
- How do you know a baby mouse is nursing?
- Skin is transparent - can see the milk in the stomach
- What is unique about cardiac puncture compared to other blood draws?
- Is terminal
- What are some blood collection methods for mice?
- Tail bleeding, cardiac puncture, orbital sinus, vena cava puncture, saphenous bleed
- What is the amount of blood that can be safely removed from an animal?
- 1% of the body weight in grams (1 gram = 1cc)
- What is the IP injection technique for most lab animals?
- Hold animal dorsally, tilt animal down toward it's head, and draw back to make sure nothing hit
- Fur chewing vice in mice also called what?
- Barbering - usually no injury involved
- 3 external mouse parasites
- fleas, fur mites, lice
- What are the two most common internal parasites in mice?
- tapeworm and pinworm
- What two mouse dzs covered are zoonotic?
- Tyzzer's Dz, Hanta Virus
- Why are mammary tumors so common in mice?
- most of body is made up of mammary tissue
- Name some dzs that affect mice
- Tyzzer's Dz (Z), Epidemic diarrhea of infant mice, Sendai virus, Chronic murine pneumonia, and Hanta Virus
- What dz is xmitted to humans by contact w/ mouse urine & feces but lab mice don't have?
- Hanta virus
- Three uses for rats
- pets, research, food
- Rats have no ______________
- gall bladder
- Rats are not able to ________
- vomit
- Rats have very sensitive ________ and very acute __________
- retinas, hearing
- Are rats diurnal or nocturnal?
- nocturnal
- Rats & guinea pigs are coprophagic - what does this mean and why do they do it?
- Eat their own feces, to regain nutrients
- Bleeding techniques for rats
- lateral tail vein, cardia puncture, orbital sinus, vena cava puncture
- Why don't you need to fast a rat before anesthesia?
- They don't vomit
- What is the name of the rat condition characterized by secretions from the eyes that turn red on contact w/ air?
- Chromodacryorrhea (red tears)
- What is ringtail in rats caused by? What does it look like?
- Caused by humidity levels lower than 25-50% in the housing area. Looks like a rubberband has been placed on the tail - edema and necrosis
- The incisors on many rats are open-rooted. What does this mean?
- constantly growing
- What causes overgrown teeth in rats? What doesn't cause it?
- Not caused by lack of things to chew on, rather from a malocclusion. A normal bite will wear down the teeth naturally
- What dz conditions/parasites do rats share w/ mice?
- tumors, mites, lice, pinworms, tapeworms, sendai virus, Tyzzer's dx (Z)
- What condition is common in pet rats?
- obesity
- Any anorexic rat should have what examined?
- Its teeth
- What are the three main breeds of guinea pigs?
- abyssinian, peruvian, and english
- What are two uses for guinea pigs?
- research, pets
- What is a factor to consider when thinking of a guinea pig for a pet?
- The are very allergenic
- Why is it recommended that a guinea pig be taken away from its owners when it is worked on?
- They are very vocal - can be distressing for owners
- Why are male guinea pigs separated?
- they tend to fight
- What might guinea pigs do when excited?
- stampede
- _____________ of guinea pigs are established early in life. If changed they may become anorexic and depressed
- food patterns
- What vitamin needs to be supplemented in a guinea pig's diet? Why?
- Vitamin C - scurvy
- What are signs of scurvy?
- won't form/damages connective tissue - lameness, teeth fall out
- Guinea pigs should be mated before what age? Why?
- 10 months - pelvic bones fuse around this time and babies won't pass
- How are most lab rodents sexed?
- Anal-genital distance
- Why are bleedings and other techniques difficult on guinea pigs?
- They stress easily and can die from it. Owners should be warned.
- What are some bleeding techniques for guinea pigs?
- nail clip, cardiac puncture, jugular, cephalic, saphenous, vena cava
- What do guinea pigs often do under gas anesthesia?
- Hold their breath
- What is something that should be kept in mind when rx antibiotics for guinea pigs and hamsters?
- antibiotic toxicity - can cause fatal enteritis and septicemia
- What guinea pig intestinal parasite is potentially zoonotic?
- Cryptosporidium
- What guinea pig dz condition can cause alopecia on the head and is zoonotic?
- ringworm
- What is lyphadenitis AKA in guinea pigs? What are the signs?
- Lumps - lymph nodes (usually in neck) swell and abscess
- What are two obstetrical problems in guinea pigs?
- heat stroke, dystocia
- What condition are female guinea pigs over three years of age predisposed to?
- Cystic calculi/bladder stones
- What is the common name of hepatic lipidosis? What lab animal is it seen in? What is it caused by?
- Fatty liver dz, guinea pigs, caused by anorexia
- What guinea pig condition is usually a dental problem and is shown w/ saliva soaked fur under the chin and lethargy?
- Slobbers
- What guinea pig condition is an infection of the toes & pads of the feet and is typically seen in obese pigs on wire or abrasive bedding?
- pododermatitis
- Why is it best to get hamsters at a young age?
- Because they are aggressive - need to get at a young age and handle a lot to keep them tame
- Are male or female hamsters for aggressive?
- female
- What lab animal has large cheek pouches that extend as far back as the scapula?
- Hamsters
- What are the dark brown patches bilatterally along the back of hamsters called? Are they more prominent in males or females?
- Flank gland, males
- What lab animal hates to be disturbed while sleeping and are known to be biters?
- Hamsters
- What lab animal is nocturnal w/ short periods of diurnal activity?
- hamsters
- What lab animal can go into a states of pseudohibernation?
- Hamster
- What lab animal is a solitary and very active animal?
- Hamster
- What is present on the day of ovulation for a hamster? What should this not be mistaken for?
- An odiferous discharge will be released - should not be mistaken for a bacterial infection
- What is the name of a small zoonotic tapeworm that hamsters can have?
- Hymenplepis nana
- "Transmissible ileal hyperplasia" is commonly known as what? What lab animal gets it? Signs?
- Wet tail, hamsters - wt. loss, lethargy, diarrhea, wet/ulcerated perianal area
- Whhat condition could affect the cheek pouch of hamsters?
- Cheek pouch impaction - seeds get stuck in there and can germinate out of the mouth or through the pouches
- In which lab animal is crystaluria comman and they are also susceptible to stones?
- Hamsters
- What lab animal at an old age often developes heart dz
- Hamsters
- What lab animal is capable of condensing urine 1000x or better
- gerbils
- What animal is overall the cleanest and least odiferous of all rodents? Why?
- gerbil - they don't pee much
- What lab rodent is illegal in CA because of feral potential?
- gerbils
- What lab rodent is has a high heat tolerance, very efficient re: water consumption, and has a yellow-tan midventral scent gland that is prominent in males?
- gerbils
- What lab rodent is primarily diurnal, likes to burrow, and will stomp rear feet if territorially threatened or interrupted during coitus?
- gerbil
- What lab rodent must not be picked up by the tail? Why
- gerbil - will deglove
- What lab rodent is said to form monogomous pairs?
- gerbils
- In what lab rodent do epileptiform seizures strike 20-40% of the population over 2 month of age?
- gerbils
- Bald nose is a dz condition of what lab rodent?
- gerbils