WH First Semester Exam
Terms
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- Hittites
- the ancient people who had a military advantage over their enemies because they were one of the first people to use weapons made of iron.
- The Ten Commandments
- the jewish code of laws believed to be revealed to Moses at Mt. Sanai
- Zeus
- the chief god & father of the gods
- the rituals or prayers & sacrifices to the gods for favor
- the most important elements in religion for the early Greeks
- Crusaders
- Western Europeans who took part in The Crusades & were motivated by Christian faith, a desire for adventure, & in some cases, greed
- bourgeoisie
- the townspeople or merchants & artisans who needed freedom to trade
- stylus
- a sharp instrument created by the Sumerians to mark on clay tablets
- Athens & Sparta
- the two major Greek city-states who fought against each other for control of the Greek world
- Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle
- the first ancient Greek or Hellenic philosophers
- Confucius
- the most influential philosopher in ancient China, known as the First Teacher, his ideas stressed duty & humanity
- Hammurabi's Code
- a strict collection of laws developed by King Hammurabi during ancient times in Babylon
- helots
- ancient Greek slaves
- reincarnation
- ancient Indian belief where the soul was reborn into a higher of lower life
- Lydians
- an ancient Middle Eastern group that initiated the use of coined money in making transactions
- opposable thumbs
- one characteristic of early man which made him different from animals
- cuneiform
- the writing developed by the Egyptians in a pictograph style
- Athena
- goddess of wisdom & crafts
- Poseidon
- brother of Zeus & god of the seas & earthquakes
- the mountainous land in Greece
- encouraged the ancient Greeks to live in small isolated communities
- contributions of the Romans to architecture
- the arch, the vault, the dome, constructing roads, bridges & aqueducts
- Rome & Carthage
- competed for control of the western Mediterranean
- to enforce church discipline
- the Roman Catholic Church believed excommunication an inquisition were necessary
- the spread of Greek culture
- the most important & enduring achievement of the ruler Alexander the Great
- priests
- in ancient Egypt, the social class that stood just below the pharaoh
- the dome
- the use of concrete on a massive scale to make large public baths & amphitheaters
- pharaohs
- god-kings, or absolute rulers who owned all the land in the community in ancient Egypt
- monotheism
- the belief in one God, developed during the first civilizations
- Paul of Tarsus
- a Jewish Roman citizen who played an important role in early Christianity because he followed the command of Christ to preach the Gospel to both Jews, & Gentiles (Non-Jews)
- The Middle Ages, or Medieval period
- occurred during the period known as the Dark Ages
- A.D.
- "in the year of our lord", or after the birth of Christ
- Octavian, or Augustus Caesar
- the first emperor of the Roman Empire
- city-state
- a kind of government that controlled a town or city & it's surrounding land
- Justinian's Code
- in the Byzantine Empire, a collection of laws drawn up under the direction of the Byzantine Empire
- Pax Romana
- a period of stable government, peace & prosperity during the rule of Augustus
- Apollo
- god of the sun & poetry
- wool
- the most important item of trade when trade was revived in Western Europe in the Middle Ages
- republic
- the type of government formed in early Rome in which power rests with all the citizens who are entitled to vote for people who rule them
- feudal system
- where the lord, a well-to-do noble who owned an estate, was at the top of the power structure
- lasting results of the Crusades
- rapid increase of trade & travel among Europeans
- eternal life
- the reason why Christianity appealed to many people during the time of the early Roman Empire
- the Dark Ages
- a period in Western Europe, when disorder, confusion, & no cultural changes took place
- Christianity
- began as a religious movement within the religion called Judaism
- the invention of gun powder & printing
- two technological developments from China the benefited the Western World
- ancient Hebrews
- early people in the ancient Middle East who were Monotheistic
- Clovis
- the ruler over the kingdom of the Franks in the early Middle Age
- Tiber River
- where the city of Rome was located
- Roman Law
- preserved by Justinian's Code, served as a guide for many modern Europeans country law systems
- Aqueducts
- structures with lead pipes, which the Romans used to carry water to cites
- polytheism
- the belief in many gods, developed during the first civilizations
- the lord's wife
- the person responsible for running the household while the lord was away fighting