Psych 314
Terms
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- Explanatory Research
- is a study in which the investigator manipulates the independant variable and measures the effect on the dependent variable. is more complicated than descriptive, need to consider internal/external validy and ethical constraints(manipulation and deception)
- External/ecological validity
- are your results generalizable? is threatened whenever the sample is not representitive of the population, like when a convience sample is used
- Non Experimental Quantitative Methods - Cross Sectional
- compare across subjects at a single time point Advantages- simple design, good starter, may have high external validity Disadvantages- low internal validity, causation/third variable problem, self report limitations(asking more than they know, impression management)
- Biomedical Model Limitations
- Single factor (one biological malfunction), mind body dualism, emphasis on illness over health, Reductionism
- Internal validity
- Can you determine the causal status of your variable? is threatened when extraneous variables could very well provide an alternative explanation for changes in the variable outcome
- Biopsychosocial Advantages
- psychological and social factors are determinants of health just as microlevel processes
- 4 humors
- Yellow bile - choleric, Black Bile - sad, Blood - happy, Phlegm - calm
- Qualitative Interview Method
- based on in depth interviews of single or focus groups Advantages- Rich contextual meaning, good place to start, hypothesis generation Disadvantages- asking more than they can know, retrospective contamination, search for meaning, mood dependant memory, differential verbal abilities and insight
- Advantages of experimental method
- Internal Validity- random assignment to conditions, eliminates the difference between the experimental and the control conditions on extraneous variables therefore cause and effect are clear Disadvantages - Ethical cant always manipulate indep variable, low external validity- relevant to real life, actual vs lab, Expectancy effects and demand characterisitics(menstrual cycle example)
- Ancient Greeks
- holistic views
- Survey Method
- questioning a large group of people must be a representitive sample, surveys must use careful wording to prevent bias, quick and efficient, no gaurantee open and honest and not indepth, no information on cause and effect,
- Giovanni Morgagni
- autopsy
- Psychosomatic MEdicine
- Illness is the result of underlying emotional chronic conflicts that surface in the form of physiological symptoms - Criticism- cross sectional, retrospective contamination
- Naturalistic Quantitative Methods
- relies on correlation and multivariate tools to determine relationships among variables
- The Germ Theory of Disease
- 19 century microorganisms were discovered as cause of diseases, emphasized dualism, biology, antibiotic medications, chronic diseases became the more prevalent cause of death opposed to acute diseases
- Quasi Experimental Designs
- incomplete randomization (random assignment of groups to conditions but not subjects to groups) nursing home example Advantages- potentially increased ecological validty compared to a true experiment Disadvantages- decreased internal validity
- descartes
- 17th century - dualist
- Single Case Study
- obtaining detailed information about an individual to develop general principles about behaviour, can be helpful to study one person in great depth- useful for rare diseases or circumstances, they reveal more than any other method but generalizing findings is usually difficult
- Health psychologists two types of research
- Basic and Applied
- Renaissance
- dualistic - priests vs physicians
- Systems Theory
- all levels of organization in any entity are linked to each other hierarchically
- Validity vs reliablity
- Are you measuring what you think you are vs consistency, cant be valid without being reliable
- Naturalistic Observation
- participants are carefully observed in their natural settings without interference by the researchers (try to avoid changing environments or behaviors), is effective if studying observable behaviours (do not think or feel) Disadvantages- Can be time consuming, behavior may not occur, diffcult to know the impact researcher has had on behaviour, ethical concen ie informed consent
- Empathetic Responding
- may inhibit discrimination and avoidance behaviour, lead ot effective health behaviours. Instead of focusing on fear appeals might be a good idea to encourage empathy and perspective for those affected Limitations- neuroticism can cause feeling threatened/responding poorly, does changing threat/coping actually help or do you have to change personality
- Curvilinear relationships
- two variables increase together up to a point and then becomes negative
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- microscopy
- True Experiment vs Quasi Experiment
- True= random assignment to conditions, Quasi= incomplete randomization so incomplete control
- Construct validity
- relationships to other variables as expected? is a problem any time we do not create the intended treatment or anytime we have a poor measurement of our response variable
- Two overarching types of research
- Descriptive (naturalistic observation, single case studies, open ended interviews)- used to measure the extent of a certain phenomenon Explanatory (experiment and naturalistic)- used to discover relationships between phenomena
- Correlation Coefficients
- statistics measuring the strength relation between two variables, does not garantee they are directly related as there may be an intervening variable, no cause-effect/direction of relationship, could also be a third variable that causes both the indep and dep variables