Bio 2200 Chapter 22
Terms
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- organism that lives on or in another organism and causes some harm
- Parasite
- the other organism
- Host
- collection of microbes normally found associated with a host
- Normal Flora
- disease causing parasite
- Pathogen
- ability of a parasite to cause damage to the host
- Pathogenicity
- Infections often begin at _______________. Epithelial cells that are coated with a _________ solution called _______. It serves to help wash away any microbes that hapen to land of these surfaces but some microbes have special receptors that specifically
- Mucous membranes; Glycoprotein; mucus
- 4 reasons why skin is not a good place for growth of bacteria:
-
1) pH=4.6 (organic acids)
2) *Low moisture content
3) High salt
4) Rapidly changing conditions - moist to dry, ect. - Microorganisms are associated with __________ of the skin, primarily with the _____________ and the _____________.
- Sweat glands; sweat ducts; hair follicles
- 2 types of sweat glands:
-
1) Eccrine glands (main sweat gland)
2) Apocrine gland (underarms, genital regions) - Associated with hair follicles is this gland: __________. It secretes ________, a mixture of fatty acids, glycerids, waxes, cholesterol and contains debris of dead fat cells. This gland everywhere except palms and soles.
- Sebaceous glands; sebum
- 2 types of skin flora: __________, organisms that don't grow but just get there as contaminants; _____________, able to survive and grow on skin
- Transients; Residents
- Factors that affect skin normal flora in an individual:
-
1) Weather-heat and humidity
2) Age
3) Hospitalization
4) Personal hygiene - caused by mixture of baceria and polymers that they secrete on teeth; predominant organism is _____________, anaerobic bacteria that produces lactic acid from sugars
- Dental plaque; Fusobacterium
- 2 species responsible for dental carries:
-
1) Strep. mutans
2) Strep. sobrinus
- both of these produce lactic acid by fermenting sugar - Gastrointestinal tract consists of:
- Stomach, small intestine, large intestine
- Upper respiratory tract:
- Throat, nasal passages, nasopharynx
-
1) Strep throat, flesh eating bacterium
2) Staph intections, boils
3) diptheria
4) bacterial pneumonia -
1) Strep. pyrogenes
2) S.aureus
3) Corynebacterium diptheria
4) Strep. pneumoniae - Lower respiratory tract:
- Trachea, bronchi, lungs
- This is caused by paralysis of ciliary action by nicotine and oher products of tobacco smoking; causes accumulation of mucus, particles and bacteria
- "Smoker's cough"
- the entry of pathogens usually occur because of a break in the _____. There are 6 steps that happen from this:
-
Skin;
1) Exposure
2) Adherence
3) Invasion
4) Colonization and Growth
5) Toxicity, further invasion, tissue damage
6) Disease - Specific adherence consists of ________ and _____ specifity. The main reason for this is the presence of ___________ and _________ in many bacteria. Type 1 of this found in enterics bind to ________ residues present in the glycoproteins on the cell surfa
- Tissue, Host; glycocalix, fimbriae; mannose
- E.coli normally found in _______. It produces proteins called ________ that allows organisms to attach to mucosa of ________. _____________ strains of E.coli have these proteins and produce a toxin that cause disease.
- Colon; CFA (Colonization Factor Antigen); small intestine; Enteropathogenic
- Animal proteins that bind iron so tightly that only certain bacteria that have even stronger iron binding compounds (____________) that obtain iron for growth. __________ allows strains that have a certain plasmid remove iron from host transferrin
- Transferrin, Lactoferrin; Siderophores; Aerobactin
- Infection that overflows into blood called ____________. If bacteria continues to grow and cause infection in blood this type of ___________ is called a ____________ (might happen during dental work)
- Bacteremia; systemic infection; Septicemia
- ________ is a quantitative term that refers to ability of an organism to cause disease. The _______ is a measure of it.
- Virulence; LD50 (Lethal Dose required to kill 50% of a populaiton of animals-usually mice.)
-
6 enzymes that help bacteria invade the host and cause disease:
1) breaks down hyaluronic acid
2) breaks down collen in tissues
3) dissolves clots
4) promotes fibrin clotting
5) produces proteins by some pathogens that lyse cells -
1) Hyaluronidase (Strep, Staph, Clostridia)
2) Collagenase (C.perfringens)
3) Streptokinase (Strep)
4) Coagulase (S.aureus)
5) Hemolysins
6) Leukocidins -
- protein toxins produced and released outside of cell.
- composed of _______, so many are heat-sensitive - Exotoxins; protein