Modules 17-19: States of Conciousness:
Terms
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- consciousness
- our awareness of ourselves and our enviornment
- biological rhythms
- periodic physiological fluctuations
- circadian rhythm
- the biological clock regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle.
- REM Sleep
- rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. also known as PARADOXICAL SLEEP, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches)but other body systems are active
- alpha waves
- the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
- sleep
- periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciouness-as distinct from unconsciouness resulting from a coma, general anestshesia, or hibernation.
- hallucinations
- false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in teh absense of an external visual stimulus
- delta waves
- the large, slwo brain waves associated with deep sleep
- insomnia
- recurring problems in falling or statying asleep
- narcolepsy
- a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. teh sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep often at inopporutne times.
- sleep apnea
- a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep an consequent momentary reawakenings
- night terors
- a sleep disorder characterzied by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, wihin 2 or 3 hours of falilng asleep, and are seldom remembered.
- dream
- a sequence of images, emotions,k and thoughts passing throug a sleeping person's mind. deams are notable for their hallucinatory imager, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.
- manifest content
- according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct form its latent content.)
- latent content
- according to freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). freud believed that a dream's latent content functions as a safety valve.
- REM Bound
- teh tendency for Rem Sleep to increase following REm sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakening sduring REM Sleep.)
- hypnosis
- a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behavior will spontaneously occur.
- posthyhypnotic amnesia
- supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist's suggestion
- posthypnotic suggestion
- a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
- dissociation
- a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously wiht others.
- hidden observer
- hilgard's term describing a hypnotized subject's awareness of experpeiecnes, such aas pain, that go unreported during hypnosis.
- psychoactive drug
- a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood.
- tolerance
- the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the durg's effect
- withdrawal
- the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuting the use of an addictive drug
- physical dependence
- a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
- psychological dependence
- a psychological ened to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.
- depressants
- drugs(such as alcohol, barbituartes, adn opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
- stimulants
- drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, adn the more powerful amphetamines and cocain) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
- hallucinogens
- psychedelic ("mindmanifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in teh absence of sensory input.
- barbituarates
- drugs tha tdepress the acitivty of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impariting memory and judgement.
- opiates
- opum and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
- amphetamines
- drugs that stimulate nerual activity, casuing speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
- ecstasy (MDMA)
- a synthetic stimulant andmild hallucinogen, produces euphoria and osical intimacy, but with short term health risks and longer terms harm to serotonin producing neurons and to mood and cognition.
- LSD
- a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).
- THC
- the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
- near death experience
- an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug induced hallucinations.
- dualism
- the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact.
- monism
- the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.
- annual cycles
- maybe give rise to seasonal variations in sleep length
- seasonal affective disorder
- some poepel in far northern regions may experience a depressed winter mood
- twenth eight day cyles
- female menstrual cycle
- twenty four hour cyles
- experience 24 hours of varying and falling alerness, body temperature and growh hormones.
- ninety minute cycles
- we cycle through various stages of sleep