Linguistics final
Terms
undefined, object
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- How are humans uniquely adapted for language?
- elongated larynx. creation of pharynx. Small mouth. intricate lips. lateralized brain.
- displacement
- The ability to discuss abstract concepts and times.
- arbitrariness
- Words do not "fit" the objects they denote.
- productivity
- the ability to produce new expressions and new sentences with already available linguistic resources
- cultural transmission
- the process by which language is passed on from one generation to the next.
- duality
- Phonetics/Semantics. The ability to produce distinct sounds and create distinct meanings
- pictogram
- picture writing. symbol represents the item. 1:1 ratio
- ideogram
- representing the idea of the item, and things associated with it. i.e. sun-warmth
- logograph
- relationship between written form and object is arbitratry. The symbol now has a sound.
- syllabic writing
- when a symbol represents a syllable
- alphabetic writing
- when a symbol represents a single sound
- phoneme
- abstract mental category for a group of similar sounds. Changing a phoneme changes a word.
- assimilation
- when sounds adapt one another. he can go becomes hecango
- elision
- dropping sounds in a word. i.e. saying six when meaning sixths. dropping ths
- coinage
- When a completely
- phonotactics
- the restrictions of a language
- blending
- the combination of terms to produce a single term. i.e. smoke and fog-smog
- borrowing
- taking a word from another language
- compounding
- joining of two separate words to create a word. ie fingerprint, sunspot
- clipping
- reduction to create new words. ie ad-advertise-fan-fanatic
- backformation
- when a word is reduced to form another word. emote-emotion-opt-option
- conversion
- change in function. ie verbing a noun. ie buttering toast, papering the wall
- derivation
- adding affixes to words. ie terrorism, disrespectful
- morpheme
- smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. ly, ceive, re, duce
- allomorphy
- variance in a morpheme. Aspiration
- derivational-inflecttional
- derivational produces new words with meaning, ie goodness. inflectional are used to indicate aspects of grammer ie possesion
- deep structure-surface structure
- Whereas deep structure will have the express intended meaning, surface is variance and order
- conceptiual vs associative meaning
- the concrete descriptors of a word, needle-sharp pointy, metal, and the words associated with it ie painful,
- feature analysis
- determining what features of a word allow it to function syntactically
- semantic roles
- the roles words adapt in the syntax of sentences, the agents, the instruments, and the theme. experiencer, source, location, goal.
- antonymy
- words with opposite meaning
- hyponymy
- the meaning of a word encompassing another. All poodles are dogs, but not all dogs are poodles
- homonymy
- When two words that are pronounced the same have differing meanings. the wind blew, wind the crank.
- polysemy
- metaphor. When the same word can carry different meaning. Your head, the head of a beer.
- folk etymology
- When people hear a word that doesn't make sense, so they change it. ie asparagus to sparrow grass
- pragmatics
- how language exists, grows, once it leaves the speakers mouth
- deixis
- words used to determine time, person or spacial meaning.
- coherence
- what makes a text semantically meaningful.
- cohesion
- the elements that make a discourse coherent
- hedges
- "you know, like" buffering out your speech
- scripts
- the neccesary events we assume will happen in an event. dynamic schema
- schema
- built in knowledge/assumptions about everday life. ie the supermarket, the store,
- implicature
- implied meaning in a phrase, "you know, you know!?"
- dichotic listening
- determination that language functions are determined in the left hemisphere
- broca's area
- anterior speech cortex, producing speech
- wernicke's area
- posterior speech cortex comprehending speech
- arcuate fasciculus
- connects wernickes and brocas areas
- wernicke's aphasia
- difficulties in hearing, comprehension
- broca's aphasia
- difficulties with speaking.
- conduction aphasia
- disrupted rythem, and difficulty repeating words
- agrammatic
- grammatical markers are missing, broca's aphasia
- anomia
- difficulty in finding the right words, warnicke's aphasia
- acquisition of language
- cooing, babbling, one word, two word.
- grammer translation
- memorizing rules for the written form of a language
- audiolinguial method
- systematic presentation and repetition of simple to complex structures
- transfer
- the misguided process of carrying over expressions or structures from l1 to l2
- interlanguage
- the inbetween language a learner has between l1 and l2
- a.s.l parameters
- shape, orientation, movement, location.
- comparative method
- reconstructed a language by comparing different descended languages
- genetic model
- model where the relationships between languages is drawn up
- external change, internal change
- viking invasion, norman invasion, printing press; case language, inflected language
- metathesis
- reversal in position of two adjoining sounds. hros-horse, acsian ask
- epenthesis
- addition of sound to the middle of a word, aemtig empty, timr, timber
- prothesis
- addition of sound to the beginning of a word. schola, escuela
- semantic broadening vs narrowing
- broadening; giving a word more meaning, from dog a breed to dog describing all breeds. narrowing. the reverse, hund to hound
- dialect continuum
- variations over regions, i-80
- post creole continuim
- the variations of creoles
- social markers
- age, sex, gender class, race
- linguistic determinism
- language determines thought
- sapir-whorf
- we dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages
- slobin's thinking for speaking
- learning a language requires language specific modes of thought