Art Basic Guide
Terms
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- Elements of Art
- Line Shape Form Space Color Texture
- Line
- length, width, direction; path of a point
- Implied line
- series of interrupted dots or lines that the eye connects to create a line
- Freeform/Organic shapes
- Irregular
- Positive Space
- Objects, shapes and forms in an artwork occupy this space
- Negative Space/Ground
- Area around the objects, forms or figures
- High Relief
- Projects boldly from surface
- Low Relief
- Only slight projection from surface
- Perspective
- illusion of depth
- Contours
- visible borders
- Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective
- takes into account the ways fog, smoke, and airborn particles changes the view of things
- Linear Perspective
- As lines recede into the distance, they appear to converge and eventually vanish at a point on the horizon
- Hue
- Name of the color
- Value
- Lightness or darkness of the color
- Tint
- lighter hue from adding white to a color
- Shade
- Darker hue from adding black
- Neutrals
- Black and white, not hues
- Intensity
- Brightness or purity of a color, mixed colors are less intense
- Complementary
- Color schemes that imploy colors on opposite sides of the color wheel.
- Monochromatic
- Color scheme that uses only one hue
- Analogous
- Hues next to eachother on the color wheel
- triadic
- three primary colors, the three secondary colors, or the of the 6 tertiary colors, generally quite lively
- warm colors
- red, orange, yellow; advance towards the viewer
- cool colors
- green, blue, purple;appear to reced from viewer
- local color
- true color of an object or area as in normal daylight
- optical color
- effect special lighting has on objects
- arbitrary color
- emotional or aesthetic color scheme
- texture
- how it looks like it would feel if touched
- visual texture
- illusion of textured surface
- Principles of composition
- rhythm, movement, pattern, balance, contrast, emphasis, variety, proportion, and unity
- rhythm
- created by the pattern of the work, makes eye travel to a rhythm
- Alternating rhythm
- two or three motifs are used, or the spaces between motifs or position of motif is varied
- motif
- a single element of a pattern
- regular pattern
- a pattern based on a grid pattern
- symmetrical balance
- elements of a composition are repeated exactly of both sides of the central axis
- approximate symmetry
- slight variance on opposite sides of the central axis
- asymmetrical balance
- organization of unlike objects, two people of unequal weight on a balanced seesaw, lighter closer to fulcrum, detailed small item vs simple large object
- contrast, emphasis, and variety
- used to create interest
- focal point
- where the eye tends to rest
- scale
- relative size of elements in an artwork, dimensional proportion of the parts of a work to the work in entirety
- golden mean
- ratio of 3:5 in an artwork, ratio of smaller to larger section is the same as larger to work as a whole
- proximity
- placing seperate objects close together in a group
- similarity
- causes eye to move from similar color to similar color, draws eyes from one group to next, creates unity
- continuity
- draw viewers eye on certain path
- hatching/crosshatching
- creates illusion of 3D; hatching is placing lines side by side, crosshatching is placing lines criss-crossed
- stippling
- create different values by using dots instead of lines
- opaque
- not transparent, undiluted ink
- translucent
- diluted ink, at least partially see-through
- pigments
- finely ground materials to make color when powdered, mixed w/ binder and colvent
- binder
- holds grains of pigment together and adheres to intended surface
- solvent
- water or oil added to pigment to thin (and slow drying time) or thicken (and speed drying time)
- fresco
- pure powdered pigments and water are applied to wet plaster
- buon fresco (true fesco)
- permanently bound to plaster, wet plaster used
- fresco secco
- applies pant to dry plaster
- Tempera
- water based paint, used b4 oil paints become common in 1400s, cannot be mixed, fastdrying,
- glazes
- thin transparent layers of paint applied over another color to alter it slightly
- Impasto surface
- oil paints applied thickly or in heavy lumps creates this kind of surface
- encaustic
- wax-based paint
- gouacge
- water based opaque paint w/ more body and dries slower than normal tempera, bright colors and meticulus details
- watercolor
- transparent, to make tints, add more water.
- relief printmaking
- artist cuts away party of the surface of the plate and remaining parts will stand out in relief. the plate is painted w/ a brayer, then placed on paper, rolled over w/ a burnisher
- intaglio printmaking
- lines are incised in plate usually by etching or engraving, ink placed inside grooves
- etching
- wax or varnish placed on plate, then exposed metal burnt away in acid, ink forced into burnt away areas, surface ink is wiped off, inked lines rise above paper
- engraving
- lines cut into plate by cutting tools
- Lithography
- image drawn with a waxy pencil or crayon directly on plate, greasy image is harded and the plate is saturated w/ water, ink applied, adheres only to greasy surface
- screen printing
- image transferred to silk or other material stretched on a frame and ink sqeezed through silk onto paper or fabric beneath
- mixed media
- several art forms used
- collage
- various materials mized for texture, color, or other aesthetic property
- Sculpture
- carving, modeling, casting, or construction
- subtractive
- art created when part of original material is removed
- additive process
- soft workable materical is formed by hand and amounts of these can be added to surface, and surface can be shaped or decorated by hand or with simple tools
- cast form
- original form is encased in plaster, mold is used to make one or more casts of the original
- pottery
- ceramic, use of natural matierals
- slip
- liquid clay, used to connected carefully measured pieces of clay
- thrown
- pots created on potter's wheel are called this
- kiln
- heated to drive moisure out of clay to harden permanently
- lost wax casting
- used to make meta casting
- fibers
- loom, braiding, knitting, or crochet, doesn't have to be woven
- soft sculpture
- sewing fiber then stuffing the piece
- silica
- makes glass, made of sand, flint, or quartz
- post-and-lintel
- long stone or beam is placed horizontally across upright posts
- vaulted construction
- colosseum, vault, arch, and dome, greater height and more open space
- concrete
- developed by Romans
- skeletal building style
- strong buttresses and thin walls with stain glass windows
- flying buttresses
- external arches that counterbalanced the outward thrust of the high vaulted ceilings
- Crystal Palace
- glass walls held in place by framework of slim iron rods
- environmental art
- large in scale, constructed onsite, usually not permanent, made of the environment
- aesthetics
- the philosophical inquiry into the nature and expression of beauty in art
- art criticism
- the explanation of current art events to the general public
- art history
- academic scholarship dedicated to the reconstruction of the social, religious, and economic contexts in which an artwork was created
- Old Stone Age (Paleolithic period)
- cave art, animals and female figures w/ exaggerated bellies, breasts, and public areas, charcoal and yellow and red orchre
- Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic Period)
- Moved to rock shelters, drew people in groups and alone, prefered to show people dominating animals
- New Stone Age(Neolithic Period)
- Rocks set up in rings, Stone Hedge
- ziggurats
- stepped pyramids
- hierchical scale
- status of figure determinded the relative sizes within an artwork.
- Gothic
- ribbed vaults, flying buttresses
- ribbed vaults
- framework of thin stone ribes or arches built under the intercection of the vaulted sections of the ceiling
- High Renaissance
- Leonardo Di Vici, and Michelangelo
- sfumato
- use of mellowed colors and blurred outline, Leonardo's Mona Lisa
- mannerism
- distortion of certain elements such as perspective or scale, use of acidic colors and twisted positioning of the subjects