Medical Test 2 Vocab
Terms
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- agglutination
-
agglutinat = clumping
-ion = process
the process of clumping together, as of blood cells that are incompatible - albumin
- one of a group of simple proteins found in blood plasma and serum
- allergy
-
all = other
-ergy = work
individual hypersensitivity to a substance that is usually harmless - anaphylaxis
-
ana = up
-phylaxis = protection
an unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to foreign proteins or other substances - anemia
-
an = lack of
-emia = blood condition
a condition of a lack of red blood cells - anisocytosis
-
anis/o = unequal
cyt = cell
-osis = condition of
a condition in which the erythrocytes are unequal in size and shape - antibody
-
anti = against
-body = body
a protein substance produced in the body in response to an invading foreign substance - anticoagulant
-
anti = against
coagui = clots
-ant = forming
an agent that works against the formation of blood clots - antigen
-
anti = against
-gen = formation, produce
an invading foreign substance that induces the formation of antibodies - autoimune disease
- a condition in which the body's immune system becomes defective and produces antibodies against itself
- autotransfusion
-
auto = self
trans = across
fus = to pour
-ion = process
the process of reinfusing a patients own blood. methods used are "harvesting" the blood 1 to 3 weeks before elective surgery; "salvaging" intraoperative blood; and collecting blood from trauma or selected surgical patients for reinfusion within 4 hours - basocyte
-
bas/o = base
-cyte = cell
a base cell leukocyte - basophil
-
bas/o = base
-phil = attraction
a cell that has an attraction for a base dye - blood
- the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
- coagulable
-
coagul = to clot
-able = capable
capable of forming a clot - corpuscle
- a blood cell
- creatinemia
-
creatin = flesh, creatine
-emia = blood condition
a condition of excess creatine in the blood - embolus
- a blood clot carried in the bloodstream
- eosinophil
-
eosin/o = rose-colored
-phil = attraction
a cell that stains readily with the acid stain; attraction for the rose-colored stain - erythroblast
-
erythr/o = red
-blast = immature cell, germ cell
an immature red blood cell - erythrocyte
-
erythr/o = red
-cyte = cell
a red blood cell - erythrocytosis
-
erythr/o = red
cyt = cell
-osis = condition of - erythropoiesis
-
erythr/o = red
-poiesis = formation
formation of red blood cells - erythropoietin
-
erythr/o = red
poiet = formation
-in = chemical
a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells - extravasation
-
extra = beyond
vas(at) = vessel
-ion = process
the process whereby fluids and/or medications (IVs) escape into surrounding tissue - fibrin
-
fibr = fiber
-in = chemical
an insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin in the blood-clotting process - fibrinogen
-
fibrin/o = fiber
-gen = formation
a blood protein converted to fibrin by the action of thrombin in the blood-clotting process - globullin
-
globul = globe
-in = chemical
an albuminous protein found in body fluids and cells - granulocyte
-
granul/o = little grain, granular
-cyte = cell
a granular leukocyte - hematocrit
-
hemat/o = blood
-crit = to separate
a blood test that separates solids from plasma in the blood by centrifuging the blood sample - hematologist
-
hemat/o = blood
log = study of
-ist = one who specializes
one who specializes in the study of the blood - hematology
-
hemat/o = blood
-logy = study
the study of the blood - hematoma
-
hemat = blood
-oma = tumor
a blood tumor - hemochromatosis
-
hem/o = blood
chromat = color
-osis = condition of
a disease condition in which iron is not metabolized properly and it accumulates in body tissues. the skin has a bronze hue, the liver becomes enlarged, and diabetes and cardiac failure may occur. - hemoglobin
-
hem/o = blood
-globin = globe, protein
blood protein; the iron-containing pigment of red blood cells - hemolysis
-
hem/o = blood
-lysis = destruction
destruction of red blood cells - hemophilia
-
hem/o = blood
-philia = attraction
a hereditary blood disease characterized by prolonged coagulation and tendency to bleed - hemorrhage
-
hem/o = blood
-rrhage = bursting forth
excessive bleeding; bursting forth of blood - hemostasis
-
hem/o = blood
-stasis = control, stopping
the control or stopping of bleeding - heparin
- a substance found in the liver, lungs, and other body tissues that inhibits blood clotting
- hypercalcemia
-
hyper = excessive
calc = lime, calcium
-emia = blood condition
a condition of excessive amounts of calcium in the blood - hyperglycemia
-
hyper = excessive
glyc = sweet, sugar
-emia = blood condition
a condition of excessive amounts of sugar in the blood - hyperlipemia
-
hyper = excessive
lip = fat
-emia = blood condition
a condition of excessive amounts of fat in the blood - hypoglycemia
-
hypo = deficient
glyc = sweet, sugar
-emia = blood condition
a condition of deficient amounts of sugar in the blood - immunoglobulin (lg)
-
immun/o = immunity
globul = globe
-in = chemical
a blood protein capable of acting as an antibody. five types are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgC, and IgM - Kaposi's sarcoma
- a malignant neoplasm that causes violaceous cascular lesions and general lymphadenopathy; it is the most common AIDS-related tumor.
- leukapheresis
-
leuk/a = white
-pheresis = removal
removal of white blood cells from the circulation - leukemia
-
leuk = white
-emia = blood condition
a disease of the blood characterized by overproduction of leukocytes - leukocyte
-
leuk/o = white
-cyte = cell
a white blood cell - leukocytopenia
-
leuk/o = white
cyt/o = cell
-penia = lack of - lymph
- a clear, colorless, alkaline fluid found in the lymphatic vessels
- lymphadenitis
-
lymph = lymph
aden = gland
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of the lymph gland - lymphadenotomy
-
lymph = lymph
aden/o = gland
-tomy = incision
incision into a lymph gland - lymphangiology
-
lymph = lymph
angi/o = vessel
-logy = study of
the study of the lymphatic vessels - lymphangitis
-
lymph = lymph
ang = vessel
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of lymphatic vessels - lymphedema
-
lymph = lymph
-edema = swelling
an abnormal accumulation of lymph in the interstitial spaces - lymphoma
-
lymph = lymph
-oma = tumor
a lymphoid neoplasm, usually malignant - lymphostasis
-
lymph/o = lymph
-stasis = control, stopping
the control or stopping of the flow of lymph - macrocyte
-
macr/o = large
-cyte = cell
an abnormally large erythrocyte - monocyte
-
mone = one
-cyte = cell
the largest leukocyte, which has one nucleus - mononucleosis
-
mono = one
nucle = kernel, nucleus
-osis = condition
a condition of excessive amounts of mononuclear leukocytes in the blood - neutrophil
-
neutr/o = neither
-phil = attraction
a leukocyte that stains with neutral dyes - opportunistic infection
- a protozoal, fungal, viral, or bacterial infection that occurs when one's immune system is compromised (AIDS patients)
- pancytopenia
-
pan = all
cyt/o = cell
-penia = lack of
a lack of the cellular elements of the blood - phagocytosis
-
phag/o = eat, engulf
cyt = cell
-osis = condition of
a condition of the engulfing and eating of bacteria by the phagocytes - plasma
- the fluid part of the blood
- plamapheresis
-
plasma = a thing formed, plasma
-pheresis = removal - polycythemia
-
poly = many
cyth = cell
-emia = blood condition
a condition of too many red blood cells - prothrombin
-
pro = before
thromb = clot
-in = chemical
a chemical substance that interacts with calcium salts to produce thrombin - radioimmunoassay
- a method of determining the concentration of protein-bound hormones in the blond plasma
- reticulocyte
-
reticul/o = net
-cyte = cell
a red blood cell containing a network of granules - septicemia
-
septic = putrefying
-emia = blood condition
a condition in which pathogenic bacteria are present in the blood - seroculture
-
ser/o = whey, serum
-culture = cultivation
a bacterial culture of blood serum - serum
-
ser(a) = whey
-um = tissue
the clear, yellowish fluid that separates from the clot when blood clots - sideropenia
-
sider/o = iron
-penia = lack of
lack of iron in the blood - splenomegaly
-
splen/o = spleen
-megaly = enlargement
enlargement of the spleen - stem cell
- a cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to various types of blood cells
- thalassemia
-
thalass = sea
-emia = blood condition
hereditary anemias occuring in the population bordering the Mediterranean Sea and in SE Asia - thrombectomy
-
thromb = clot
-ectomy = excision
surgical excision of a blood clot - thrombin
-
thromb = clot
-in = chemical
a blood enzyme that causes clotting by forming fibrin - thrombocyte
-
thromb/o = clot
-cyte = cell
a clotting cell; a blood platelet - thromboplastin
-
thromb = clot
plast = a developing
-in = chemical
an essential factor in the production of thrombin and blood clotting - thrombosis
-
thromb = clot
-osis = condition of
condition of a blood clot - thymoma
-
thym = thymis
-oma = tumor
a tumor of the thymus - tonsillectomy
-
tonsil = almond, tonsil
-ectomy = excision
surgical excision of the tonsils - transfusion
-
trans = across
fus = to pour
-ion = process
the process whereby blood is transferred from one individual to the vein of another - vasculitis
-
vascul = small vessel
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of a lymph or blood vessel - alveolus
-
alveol = small, hollow air sac
-us = pertaining to
pertaining to a small air sac in the lungs - anthracosis
-
anthrac = coal
-osis = condition of
black lung, a lung condition caused by inhalation of coal dust and silica - aphasia
-
a = lack of
phas = speech
-ia = condition
absense of the ability to communicate through speech, writing, or signs because of brain dysfunction - apnea
-
a = lack of
-pnea = breathing
temporary cessation of breathing - asphyxia
-
a = lack of
sphyx = pulse
-ia = condition
a condition in which there is a depletion of oxygen in the blood with an increase of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues - aspiration
-
apirat = to draw in
-ion = process
the process of drawing in or out by suction; foreign bodies may be aspirated into the nose, throat, or lungs on inspiration - asthma
- a disease of the bronchi characterized by wheezing, dyspnea, and a feeling of constriction in the chest
- atelectasis
-
atel = imperfect
-ectasis = dilation, expansion
a condition of imperfect dilation of the lungs; the collapse of an alveolus, a lobule, or a larger lung unit - bronchiectasis
-
bronch/i = bronchi
-ectasis = dilation, expansion
chronic dilation of a bronchus or bronchi, with a secondary infection that usually involves the lower portion of a lung - bronchiolitis
-
bronchiol = bronchiole
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of the bronchioles - bronchitis
-
bronch = bronchi
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of the bronchi - bronchoscope
-
bronch/o = bronchi
-scope = instrument
an instrument used to examine the bronchi - Cheyne-Stokes respiration
- a rhythemic cycle of breathing with a gradual increase in respiration followed by apnea, then a repeat of the same cycle
- cough
- sudden, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs
- croup
- an acute respiratory disease characterized by obstruction of the larynx, a barking cough, dyspnea, hoarseness, and stridor
- cyanosis
-
cyan = dark blue
-osis = condition of
a dark blue condition of the skin and mucous membrane caused by oxygen deficiency - cystic fibrosis
-
cyst = sac
-ic = pertaining to
fibr = fiber
-osis = condition of
an inherited disease that affects the pancreas, respiratory system, and sweat glands. - diaphragmatocele
-
dia = through
phragmat/o = partition
-cele = hernia
a hernia of the diaphragm - dysphonia
-
dys = difficult
phon = voice
-ia = condition
a condition of difficulty in speaking - dyspnea
-
dys = difficult
-pnea = breathing
difficulty in breathing - emphysema
- a chronic pulmonary disease in which the bronchioles become obstructed with mucus
- empyema
- pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural cavity
- endotracheal
-
endo = within
trach/e = trachea
-al = pertaining to
pertaining to within the trachea - epistaxis
-
epi = upon
-staxis = dripping
nosebleed; usually from traumatic or spontaneous rupture of blood vessels in the mucous membranes of the nose - eupnea
-
eu = good, normal
-pnea = breathing
good or normal breathing - exhalation
-
ex = out
halat = breathe
-ion = process
the process of breathing out - expectoration
-
ex = out
pectorat = breast
-ion = process
the process by which saliva, mucous, or phlegm is expelled from the air passages - Hemilich maneuver
- a technique for removing a foreign body that is blocking the trachea
- hemoptysis
-
hem/o = blood
-ptysis = to spit
the spitting up of blood - hyperpnea
-
hyper = excessive
-pnea = breathing
excessive or rapid breathing - hyperventilation
-
hyper = excessive
ventilat = to air
-ion = process
the process of excessive ventilating, thereby increasing the air in the lungs beyond the normal limit - hypoxia
-
hyp = below, deficient
ox = oxygen
-ia = condition
a condition of deficient amounts of oxygen in the inspired air - influenza
- an acute, contagious respiratory infection caused by a virus. onset is usually sudden, and symptoms are fever, chills, headache, myalgia, cough, and sore throat.
- inhalation
-
in = in
halat = breathe
-ion = process
the process of breathing in - laryngeal
-
laryng/e = larynx
-al = pertaining to
pertaining to the larynx - laryngitis
-
laygn = larynx
-itis = inflammation - laryngoscope
-
laryng/o = larynx
-scope = instrument
an instrument used to examine the larynx - Legionnaires' disease
- a severe pulmonary pneumonia
- lobectomy
-
lob = lobe
-ectomy = excision
surgical excision of a lobe of any organ or gland, such as the lung - mesothelioma
-
mes/o = middle
thel/i = nipple
-oma = tumor
a malignant tumor of mesothelium (serious membrane of the pleura) caused by the inhalation of asbestos - nasopharyngitis
-
nas/o = nose
pharyng = pharynx
-itis = inflammation - olfaction
-
olfact = smell
-ion = process
the process of smelling - oropharynx
-
or/o = mouth
pharynx = pharynx
the central portion of the throat that lies between the soft palate and upper portion of the epiglottis - orthopnea
-
orth/o = straight
-pnea = breathing
inability to breathe unless in an upright or straight position - palatopharyngoplasty
-
palat/o = palate
pharyng/o = pharynx
-plasty = surgical repair
a type of surgery that relieves snoring and sleeping apnea by removing the uvula and the tonsils and reshaping the lining at the back of the throat to enlarge that air passageway - pertussis
- an acute, infectious disease characterized by cough; also called whooping cough
- pharyngitis
-
pharyng = pharynx
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of the pharynx - pleurisy
- inflammation of the pieura caused by injury, infection, or a tumor
- pleuritis
-
pleur = pleura
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of the pleura - pleurodynia
-
pleur/o = pleura
-dynia = pain
pain in the pleura - pneumoconiosis
-
pneum/o = lung
con/i = dust
-osis = condition of
a condition of the lung caused by the inhalation of dust - pneumonia
-
pneumon = lung
-ia = condition
inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or chemical irritants - pneumonitis
-
pneumon = lung
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of the lung - pneumothorax
-
pneumo/o = air
thorax = chest
a collection of air in the chest cavity - polyp
- a tumor with a stem, may occur where there are mucous membranes, such as the nose, ears, mouth, uterus, and intestine
- pulmonectomy
-
pulmon = lung
-ectomy = excision
surgical excision of the lung or a part of a lung - pyothorax
-
py/o = pus
thorax = chest
pus in the chest cavity - rale
- an abnormal sound heard on auscultaion of the chest; a crackling, rattling, or bubbling sound
- respirator
-
respirat = breathing
-or = a doer
a type of machine used for prolonged artificial respiration -
respiratory distress syndrome
(hyaline membrane disease) - a condition that may occur in a premature infant in which the lungs are not matured to the point of manufacturing lecithin, a pulmonary surfactant. results in collapse of alveoli, which leads to cyanosis and hypoxia.
- rhinoplasty
-
rhin/o = nose
plasty = surgical repair
surgical repair of the nose - rhinorrhea
-
rhin/o = nose
-rrhea = flow, discharge - rhinovirus
-
rhin/o = nose
vir = virus
-us = pertaining to
one of a subgroup of virused that causes the common cold (coryza) in humans - rhonchus
-
rhonch = snore
-us = pertaining to
a rale or rattling sound in the throat or bronchial tubes caused by a partial obstruction - sarcoidosis
-
sarc = flesh
-ois = resemble
-osis = condition of
a chronic granulomatous condition that may involve almost any organ system of the body. the lungs are usually involved and this causes dyspnea on exertion. - severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
- a contagious respiratory infection. a serious form of pneumonia
- sinusitis
-
sinus = a curve, hollow
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of a sinus - spirometer
-
spri/o = breath
-meter = instrument to measure
an instrument used to measure the volume of respired air - sputum
- substance coughed up from lungs; may be watery, thick, purulent, clear, or bloody and may contain microorganisms
- stridor
- a high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of the air passageway
- tachypnea
-
tachy = fast
-pnea = breathing
fast breathing - thoraconcentesis
-
thorac/o = chest
-centesis = surgical puncture
surgical puncture of the chest for removal of fluid - thoracoplasty
-
thorac/o = chest
-plasty = surgical repair
surgical repair of the chest - thoraectomy
-
thorac/o = chest
-tomy = incision
incision of the chest - tonsillitis
-
tonsil = almond, tonsil
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of the tonsils - tracheal
-
trach/e = trachea
-al = pertaining to
pertaining to the trachea - trachealgia
-
teach/e = trachea
-algia = pain
pain in the trachea - tracheolaryngotomy
-
trache/o = trachea
laryng/o = larynx
-tomy = incision
incision into the larynx and trachea - tracheostomy
-
trache/o = trachea
-stomy = new opening
new opening into the trachea - tuberculosis
-
tubercul = a little swelling
-osis = condition of
an infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus - wheeze
- a whistling sound caused by obstruction of air passageway
- albuminuria
-
albumin = protein
-uria = urine
presence of serum protein in the urine - antidiuretic
-
anti = against
di(a) = through
uret = urine
-ic = pertaining to
pertaining to a medication that decreases urine secretion - anuria
-
an = without
-uria = urine
without the formation of urine - bacteriuria
-
bacter/i = bacteria
uria = urine
presence of bateria in urine - calciuria
-
calc/i = calcium
-uria = urine
presence of calcium in urine - calculus
- a pebble, any abnormal concretion (stone)
- catheter
- a tube of elastic, elastic web, rubber, glass, metal, or plastic that is inserted into a body cavity to remove fluid or to inject fluid
- cystectomy
-
cyst = bladder
-ectomy = excision
surgical excision of the bladder of part of the bladder - cystitis
-
cyst = bladder
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of the bladder - cystocele
-
cyst/o = bladder
-cele = hernia
hernia of the bladder that protrudes into the vagina - cystodynia
-
cyst/o = bladder
-dynia = pain
pain in the bladder - cystogram
-
cyst/o = bladder
-gram = a mark, record
an x-ray record of the bladder - cystolithectomy
-
cyst/o = bladder
-ectomy = excision
surgical excision of a stone from the bladder - cystoscope
-
cyst/o = bladder
-scope = instrument
an instrument used for examination of the bladder - dialysis
-
dia = through
-lysis = destruction, to separate
a procedure to separate waste material from the blood and to maintain fluis, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in impaired kidney function or in the absence of the kidney - diuresis
-
di(a) = through
ure = urinate
-sis = condition
condition of increased or excessive flow of urine - dysuria
-
dys = difficult, painful
-uria = urine
difficult or painful urinati - edema
- an abnormal condition in which the vody tissues contain an accumlation of fluid
- enuresis
- a condition of involuntary emission of urine; bedwetting
- excretory
-
excret = sifted out
-ory = like, resemble
pertaining to elimination of waste products from body - extracorporeal shock-wave lithotriptor
-
extra = outside of
corpor/e = body
-al = pertaining to
a device used to crush kidney stones. patient is sedated and immersed in a water bath while shock waves pound the stones and they crumble into small pieces. the pieces are flushed out with urine. - glomerular
-
glomerul = glomerulus, little ball
-ar = pertaining to
pertaining to the glomerulus - glomerulitis
-
glomerul = glomerulus, little ball
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of the renal glomeruli - glomerulonephritis
-
glomerul = glomerulus, little ball
nephr = kidney
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of the kidney involving primarily the glomeruli - glycosuria
-
glycos = sweet, sugar
-uria = urine
presence of glucose in the urine - hematuria
-
hemat = blood
-uria = urine
presence of blood in the urine - hemodialysis
-
hem/o = blood
dia = through
-lysis = to separate
the use od an artifical kidney to separate waste from the blood. the blood is circulated through tubes made of semipermeable membranes, and these tubes are continually bathed by solutions that remove waste. - hydronephrosis
-
hydro = water
nephr = kidney
-osis = condition of
a condition in which urine collects in the renal pelvis because of an obstructed outflow. - hypercalciuria
-
hyper = excessive
calci = calcium
-uria = urine
an excessive amount of calcium in the urine - incontinence
-
in = not
continence = to hold
the inability to hold urine - interstitial cystits
- a chronically irritable and painful inflammation of the bladder wall
- ketonuria
-
keton = ketone
-uria = urine
presence of ketones in the urine - lithotripsy
-
lith/o = stone
-tripsy = crushing
the crushing of a kidney stone - meatotomy
-
meat/o = passage
-tomy
incision of the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening - meatus
- an opening or passage; the external opening of the urethra
- micturition
-
micturit = to urinate
-ion = process
the process of urination - nephrectomy
-
nephr = kidney
-ectomy = excision
surgical excision of a kidney - nephritis
-
nephr = kidney
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of the kidney - nephrocystitis
-
nephr/o = kidney
cyst = bladder
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of the bladder and the kidney - nephrolith
-
nephr/o = kidney
-lith = stone, calculus
kidney stone, calculus - nephrology
-
nephr/o = kidney
-logy = study of
study of the kidney - nephroma
-
nephr = kidney
-oma = tumor
kidney tumor - nephron
- stuctural and functional unit of the kidney
- nephropathy
-
nephr/o = kidney
-pathy = disease
disease of the kidney - nephrosclerosis
-
nephr/o = kidney
scler = hardening
-osis = condition of
a condition of hardening of the kidney - nocturia
-
noct = night
-uria = urine
excessive urination during the night - oliguria
-
olig = scanty
-uria = urine
scanty urination - percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy
-
per = through
cutan/e = skin
-ous = pertaining to
ultra = beyond
son = sound
-ic = pertaining to
lith/o = stone
-tripsy = crushing
the crushing of a kidney stone by using ultrasound. this is an invasive surgical procedure performed by using a nephroscope or fluoroscopy. - peritoneal dialysis
-
periton/e = peritoneum
-al = pertaing to
dia = through
-lysis = to separate
separation of waste from the blood by using a peritoneal catheter and dialysis. fluid is introduced into the peritoneal cavity, and wastes from the blood pass into this fluid. the fluid and waste are then removed from the body. - periurethral
-
peri = around
urethr = urethra
-al = pertaining to
pertaining to around the urethra - polyuria
-
poly = excessive
-uria = urine
excessive urination - pyelocystitis
-
pyel/o = renal pelvis
cyst = bladder
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of the bladder and renal pelvis - pyelolithotomy
-
pyel/o = renal pelvis
lith/o = stone
-tomy = incision
surgical incision into the renal pelvis for removal of a stone - pyelonephritis
-
pyel/o = renal pelvis
nephr = kidney
-itis = inflammation
inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis - pyuria
-
py = pus
-uria = urine
pus in the urine - renal
-
ren = kidney
-al = pertaining to
pertaining to the kidney - renal colic
- an acute pain that occurs in the kidney area and is caused by blockage during the passage of a stone
- renal failure
- cessation of proper functioning of the kidney
- renal transplant
- surgical procedure to implant a donor kidney to a recipient
- renin
- an enzyme produced by the kidney
- residual urine
- urine that is left in the bladder after urination
- sediment
- substance that settles at the bottom of a liquid; a precipitate
- specific gravity
- weight of a substance compared with an equal amount of water
- specimen
- sample of tissue, blood, urine, or other material intended to show the nature of the whole
- sterile
- state of being free from living microorganisms; asepsis