Z362 Practical Vocab

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Choanocytes: flagellated cells that sponge suspension feeders use to circulate water thru system of water canals
Spongocoel: Inner cavity of sponges
Ostia (Ostium): Incurrent pores in the sponges body wall
Osculum (Oscula): Open end of the excurrent pore on sponges
Mesohyl: Noncellular gelatinous layer in sponge wall
Spicules: Supportive structures located in Mesohyl, either calcareous or siliceous depending on sponge type
Spongin: Proteinaceous, located in Mesohyl
Archaeocytes: Totipotent ameboid cell located in Mesohyl, roam thru the sponge performing a variety of functions including reproduction and giving rise to spicule forming cells and choanocytes.
Pinacoderm: Outer layer of cell wall in sponge, consists of flattened cells (pinacocytes).
Pinacocytes: flattened cells located on the outerlayer of the Pinacoderm
Gemmules: Propagules produced asexually in some freshwater sponges. Resistant to desication, freezing and anoxia. Can lie dormant for long periods of time. When conditions improve, gemmules rise to adult forms.
Asconoid: Simplist body plan of sponges.
Syconoid: Choanocyte chambers occur as outpocketings from the spongocoel.
Leuconoid: Complex and numerous choanocyte chambers. Multi chambers occur in in series, one after another. Complex water current paths thru sponge. Absence of spongocoel. Mesohyl thickened.
Porocyte: Tube located in sponge body wall that opens at both ends. Ostium at external layer of wall, and other end opens to spongocoel.
Phylum Porifera Class Demospongiae: Spicules SILICEOUS, never calcium carbonate
Spongin present
almost all members have LEUCONOID body form
80% of sponge species are members of Demospongiae
Phylum Porifera Class Calcarea: Spicules composed of calcium carbonate
No spongin
Representatives of all 3 body forms are found in this class
Phylum Porifera Class Hexactinellida: Glass Sponges
Spicules exclusively 6 rayed siliceous
Syconoid or leuconoid body form
Pinacoderm is replaced by syncytial outer layer (many nuclei contained w/in a giant single plasma membrane).
Diploblastic: 2 cell layers but no organ system (characteristic of Cnidarians)
Epidermis: Outside layer of Diploblastic Cnidarian
Gastrodermis: Responsible for food digestion in GVC of Medusoid Cnidarian
Mesoglea: Acellular layer that separates the epidermis and the gastrodermis located in Cnidarians
Nematocysts: Stinging organelles that entrap, ensnare, poison and paralyze prey. Cnidarians have these.
Gastro Vascular Cavity GVC: Mouth opens into a single body cavity called the GVC. Present in both Medusa and Polyp body forms of Cnidarians.
Dioecious: Separate sexes
Planula Larvae: Class Scyphozoa
Dioecious gametes fertilize and form planula larvae that undergo settlement and metamorph into sessile polypoid scyphistoma.
Colony: Class Hydrozoa
(Zooids) Many individuals attached to one another.
Medusoid: Active swimmer
mouth opens to single GVC
mouth at bottom of animal
Tentacles which house nematocycts are on margin of bell
no anus
GVC lined by gastrodermis
GVC functions as hydrostatic skeleton and in circ of water thru animal to deliver nutrients, remove waste
Aboral end is a bell shape comprised largely of mesoglea
NOTE: 2 cell layers and mesoglea
Polypoid: Sessile form attached to benthos
Oral end on top, mouth surrounded by hollow tentacles
Aboral end on bottom of animal, BASAL DISC attaches to substrate
Hydrostatic Skeleton: Water in GVC serves as a form of support to Cnidarians
Also aids in locomotion, contraction of simple muscles in epidermis and gastrodermis move water around in cavity to result in movement of the animal
Contraction and expansion of tentacles and body wall
Important in entrapment of prey and movement of prey to mouth
Bell: Aboral end of top of animal is the BELL and comprised largely of mesoglea
Schyphistoma: Planula undergoes settlement and metamorphosis and forms a sessile polypoid called Schyphistoma
Basal/Pedal Disc: Bottom of Polyp that attaches animal to substrate
Strobilation: Scyphistoma undergoes STROBILATION, a form of asexual reprod. that gives rise to a juvenile jellyfish (ephyra)
Ephyra: Class Scyphozoa, Juvenile jellyfish that goes into mature medusoid jelly fish
Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Scyphozoa: Jelly fish
Both medusoid and plypoid forms
Dioecious fertilize egg/sperm, planula larva, scyphistoma, strobilation, ephyra grows to adult
Gastrozooid: Class Hydrozoa, functions in feeding and digestion
Gonozooid: Class Hydrozoa, gives rise to medusae, functions in reproduction
Dactylozooid: Class Hydrozoa, functions in colony, defense and/or prey capture
Perisarc: Protective proteinaceous cover on colonies of Hydrozoa
Order Siphonophora: Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa
Order Siphonophora
Portugese Man O War, Excellent examples of polymorphic colonies
Pharynx: Muscular mouth in Anthozoa
Mesenteries: divide up GVC into sections to increase digestive surface area and site of attachement for muscle. primary, second, tertiary, etc. Class Anthozoa
Aconita: Some groups of Anthozoa have acontia, filaments loaded with nematocysts that can emerge through holes in the body wall, used for defense
Subclass Hexacorallia: Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa
Subclass Hexacorallia
the true corals and sea anemones
Tentacles occur in mulitples of 6
Colonies never polymorphic
Subclass Octocorallia: Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anothozoa
Subclass Octocorallia
Soft corals, sea fans, sea pens, sea whips
always 8 tentacles, tentacles always pinnate (many lateral outfoldings like teeth on a comb). Colonies often polymorphic
Triploblastic: 3 cell layers: epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoderm. Present in Platyhelminthes
Mesoderm: tissue layer between epidermis and gastrodermis. In flat worms its called the parenchyma
Acoelomate: Lack of body cavity, Platyhelminthes
Protonerphridia: organ used in waste processing and water regulation
cephalization: increased concentration of nervous tissue at the anterior end of the animal
Ocelli: eye spots non image forming photoreceptors
Tegument: cover on animal that is protective from harsh environment. Common with parasitic animals inside host animals
Scolex: Anterior end of animal, possesses suckers and hooks to aid in embedding and anchoring into host gut wall
Proglottids: below scolex, series of repeating segments. Gamete factories, exclusively for egg and sperm production
Class Turbellaria: Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Mostly free living carnivores, scavangers, detritivores
Protrusible pharynx often present
increased cephalization
nerve ganglia at anterior
ocelli
ventral epidermis cilliated, beat (for locomotion) thru thick mucus for desication prevention
Class Trematoda: Phylum Platyhelmenthes
Class Trematoda
ALL PARASITIC
Endoparasites of all vertebrate classes
Adults resemble turbellarians except lack cilliation, animal covered in tegument, and much of body is reproductive organs
Class Cestoda: Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Cestoda
Tapeworms
non cilliated outer tegument, no mouth, scolex and proglottids
Corona: anterior end of animal, typifies rotifers, comprised of cilia that beat in organized fashion to give impression of a gear turning called metachronal beating
Metachronal: each cilium's beating is slightly offset from its neighbor, gives impression of gears turning
Mastax: Muscular swelling between the pharynx and esophagus, contains the trophi
Trophi: Inside the mastax, hard mucopolysaccharide structures
grinding and mashing of food
Flame Cells: mesh cups with a tuft of cilia on the inside of the cup. beating of cilia create a current that pulss water into the cup thru the filtering mesh and drives it down the tubule and eventually out of the animal.
Diapause: Rotifers do this; enter an extremely low metabolic state, usually as an encysted ferilized egg or embryo.
Toes: used for locomotion along with the corona - Looping. Sommersault head over heel
Phylum Nemeratea: Proboscis, coelomate, protostome
Coelomate: fluid filled body cavity surrounded entirely by mesoderm
however coelom in this phylum severly reduced to sac around the heart
protostomes - first hole in embryo forms the mouth
Protostomes: first hole forms in embryo state is the mouth
Mantle: dorsal epithelium forms the mantle which in most groups secretes a protective calcareous shell
Radula: chitinous band or ribbon of teeth present in the esophagus and used in food aquisition
Foot: Ventral body wall muscles develop into a locomotory or clinging foot
Ctenidia: Gills used for gas exchange
Nephridia: waste processing in mollusca
Gills in Bivalvia: Mantle cavity houses gills that are greatly enlarged in many species and used in food aquisition
Phylum Mollusca Class Polyplacophora: Chitons, Dorsosventrally flat, 8 overlapping shells, protective shield
Operculum: Protective proteinaceous "trap door" that closes on the snail shell
Dextral: shell that opens on the right hand side, and curves counter clockwise
Sinistral: Shell that opens on the left hand side and curves clockwise direction
Torsion: Posterior half of body twists 180 degrees during development
Shiphon: Mantle cavity is often connected to outside of animal by a tubular folding of the mantle or a siphon.
Columella: The center portion of the shell that the snail wraps itself around
Apex: Tip of shell
Anal gill plume: On Opistobranchia (Nudibranchs) Mantle cavity and ctenidia gone. Instead of ctenidia, have feathery respiratory projetions around the anus
Rhinophores: Sensory projections on head region of nudibranchs
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Sublcass Prosobranchia: abalone, limpets, turban snails, very strong flat foot similar to chitons, shell soiling is absent or reduced, operculum often absent, shell is a shield, holes in shell improve water circulation
Order Archaegastropoda: Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Subclass Prosobranchia
Order Archaegastropoda
Order Meso/Neogastropoda: Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Subclass Prosobranchia
More diverse than archaeogastropoda
classic coiled shell and operculum
often presence of a siphon
presence of one ctenidia
Subclass Opistobranchia: Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Subclass Opistobranchia
Sea slugs, sea hares, pelagic snails
shell highly reduced or absent
detorsion
secondary metabolites as defense distasteful
Subclass Pulmonata: Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Subclass Pulmonata
freshwater snails and slugs
Gills absent, mantle tissue is highly vascularized, pneumostome used to keep mantle moist for gas exchange
Adductor muscles: shell held together by strong adductor muscles
Incurrent siphon: draws in water from outside
Excurrent siphon: return water in mantle cavity to outside
Food groove: food particles are captured by mucus coated cilia, moved to good groves at the bottom of each demibranch V
Mucus String: housed in the food groove moves particles along anteriorly for sorting at the labial palps
Labial Palps: Mucus strings moves food particles along anteriorly for sorting at the labial palp (sensory structures near the mouth).
Bysssus threads: Proteinacious threads that are glued to substrate as anchors
Umbo: Shell opens ventrally. Buldge on the dorsal end of the shell, earliest shell material deposited by animal.
Sublcass Lamellibranchia: Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalvia
Subclass Lamellibranchia
Most species gills are highly modified to collect supsended food particles from the water in addition to serving as organs of gas exchange.
Tentacles/arms: Modified foot in cephalopods
used to crawl with or to sieze prey
Beak: radula modified to form a sharp beak
funnel: Siphon or funnel is a tubular folding of mantle tissue that connects the mantle cavity with the outside of the animal
fins: swimming fins, muscular elaborations of the mantle
stellate ganglion: giant nerve complex that serves the powerful mantle muscles that allow for strong swimming in squids
ink gland: secretes the pigment melanin, used for predator avoidance
Branchial heart: 2 branchial hearts increase blood pressure as blood travels thru gills
Systemic heart: 1 systemic heart, pumps blood thru rest of body
Subclass Nautiliodea: Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda
Subclass Nautiliodea
Nautilus - chambered shell,, lives in outermost chamber, remaining chambers used for buyoancy control
Subclass Coleoidea: Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda
Subclass Coleoidea
Convergent to fish - contains orders:
Sepioidea Cuttlefish
Teuthoidea Squids
Octopoda Octopus
Order Sepioidea: Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda
Subclass Coleoidea
Order Sepioidea (Cuttle fish)
Bodies flattened dorsoventrally, cuttlebone, used to regulate buoyancy, all species are ep
Metamerism: Serial repetition of segments found in Annelida
Protomium: Anterior region of annelida
Pygidium: posterior region of annelida
Septa: Tissue in annelida that separates each segment
Nephrostome: ciliated opening in each septa in annelida that draws coelomic fluid from one segment to another.
Metameric Ganglia: Each segment has a ganglion that serves the muscles and sensory system in that segment
Deposit feeder: eat sediments and extract nutrients from them
suspension feeder: filter out small particles out of the water and ingest them
Veriform: worm shaped
Sinusoidal motion: locomotion in the shape of an S
Parapodia: Lateral body extensions that increase surface area for gas exchange, highly vascularized for functioning like gills
Acicula: Chitinous support rods in the parapodia
Setae: Chitinous or Siliceous bristles, extend from the parapodia
Elytra: protective over lapping plates
Errant: free moving and either swim in water or crawl on substrate
Burrowing: peristaltic contractions of body, waves of alternating contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles
Sedentary: Worms do almost no moving at all, many in the form of a tube
Phylum Annelida Class Polychaeta: Polychaetes - parapodia and elytra, Setae and acicula
Phylum Annelida Class Clitellata Subclass Oligochaetes: highly metameric body plan
prostomium lacks sensory structures
Parapodia absent
setae are present but highly reduced
Phylum Annelida Class Clitellata: All are hermaphrodites and possess a clitellum
Clitellum: Reproductive organ that secretes a protective cocoon around developing embryos
Phylum Annelida Class Clitellata Subclass Hirudina: leeches, metamerism is highly reduced
lack setae
suchers are present on anterior and posterior ends
ectoparasites
Phylum Nematoda: Triploblastic
Pseudocoelomate
unsegmented veriform
very small
Pseudocoel: presence of a fluid filled body cavity lined on the outside by mesoderm and on the inside of the gastroderm
Cuticle: Body encased in an elastic collagenous cuticle that is periodically molted
Tagmatization: specialization of groups of segments resulting in the fusion of the sements into tagmata
Tagmata: fusion of segments
head
thorax
abdomen
Appendages: Most tagmata bear multiple pairs of appendages
Exoskeleton: Distinguishing characteristics of the phylum, all individuals have a chitinous exoskeleton or cuticle that covers the entire body1
Molting/Ecdysis: Exoskeleton periodically shed
Ostia hemocoel: Heart possesses multiple holes or OSTIA that when open allow blood to flow into the heart. The Ostia close, the heart contracts and pumps blood out into the hemocoel or large blood space that occupies much of the volume of the animal. Blood eventually percolates back into heart thru ostia.
Hemocoel: large blood space that occupies much of the volume of the animal
Lens eye: eyes that are analougous with vertebrate eyes but smaller
Compound eye: like a fly eye
Ommatidia: compound eyes are made up of multiple identical units (ommatidia) that possess all the units necessary for vision. Brain assembles these images.
Antennae: Sensory structures
Uniramous: one branch in the appendage
Biramous: two branches in the appendages
Pereopods: Walking legs
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata: Mostly arachnida
Cephalothorax: head and thorax fused into one component
Carapace: Fused cuticle covering cephalothorax region is called the carapace
5 Head appendages: 1st & 2nd appendages - sensory antennae
3rd appendage - mandible
4th & 5th appendage - maxillae
Uropods: Most posterior appendages (on the sides)
Telson: Flattened extions of the abdomen, in the middle of the uropods
Biramous Protopodite: Basal region of the appendage before the branch
Biramous Exopodite: The external branch
Biramous Endopodite: The internal branch
Hemocyanin: dissolved gasses, respiratory pigment in crustaceans
Nephridial canal: Saccules to kidney like canal to an excretory pore
Excretory pore: Pore where waste is excreted out, in the front by their face
Saccules: highly reduced blind ended coelomic spaces that communicate w/outside of animal thru nephridial canal and excretory pore
Green glands: In some decopods, the saccules is called a green gland
Phylum Arthropoda Subclass Mandibulata Class Crustacea: mostly marine but some fresh water
head, thorax, abdomen
cephalothorax/carapace
Biramous appendages
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Mandibulata Class Crustacea Sub class Malacostraca: Legs are often Chelate or clawed.
Chelate/Cheliped: Legas are clawed. Referes to a leg that is chelate. Used for prey capture and defense.
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Mandibulata Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Order Decapoda: Shrimp, Lobster, Crayfish
the first 3 pair of appendages on the thorax are MAXILLIPEDS and are used for feeding, then 5 pairs of walking legs called PEREOPODS
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Mandbulata Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Order Euphausiacea: super small shrimp, 3 cm
16 legs emmerging from thoraxx
FEEDING BASKET and BROOD POUCH!
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Mandibulata Class Crustacea Sub class Malacostraca Order Stomatopoda: Mantis Shrimp
Beautiful epidbentihs burrowers
huge compound eye
huge raptoral thoracic appendages used to spear fish or club them
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Mandibulata Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca order Isopoda: Pill bug
Dorsoventrally flattened
Absent carapace
eyes not on stalk
Thoracic and abdominal appendages essentally same = iso
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Mandibulata Class Crustacea Subclass Malacostraca Order Amphipoda: Body is laterally compressed
absence of carapace
usually less than 1 cm in size
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum mandibulata class Crustracea subclass Brachiopoda: Daphnia, brine shrimp
primary zooplankton, freshwater, PROTRUBERANCE OF THORACIC APPENDAGE PROTOPOD, modified as a gill, thus named gill foot
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum mandibulata class Classcrustacea subclass copepoda: GIANT 1st antennae used as parachutes to hold animal still in the water while feeding, thoracic appendages used for swimming
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum mandibulata class crustacea subclass cirripedia: Barnacles, all are sessile and secrete a calcareous shell in which they live, two of the plate close together, sealing off animal completely, horacic appendages or CIRRRI are stuck out of shell where they are repeatedly brought in and out, capturing particles and moving them to the mouth
Ametabolous: "without change" - the immatures simply get larger with each succeeding molting
Hemimetabolous: Several distinct instars where nymphs undergo metamorphosis, no wings and then in final stage develop wings.
Holometabolous: Change from larvae, to pupal stage, to adults. Larvae do not have external wings and do not resemble adult stages.
Paurometabolous: Same as Hemimetabolous except nymphs reseume the adults and occur in the same habitats

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