Sensation and Perception
Terms
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- 2 theories of reasons for hearing loss
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- Cumulative effect of loud noise
- Age-related changes in the cochlea
- 3 subtypes of people who are evaluated at pain centers
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- Dysfunctional
- Interpersonally distressed
- Adaptive copers
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Absolute Threshold of Hearing
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The tick of a watch at 20 feet
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Absolute Threshold of Smell
- One drop of perfume spread throughout a six-room apartment
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Absolute Threshold of Taste
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One teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water
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Absolute Threshold of Touch
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A bee's wing falling on your cheek from a height of about half an inch
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Absolute Threshold of Vision
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A candle flame seen from 30 miles away on a clear, dark night
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Absolute Threshold
- the lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect
- Acuity
- keenness of sense perception
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Additive Color Mixing
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mixing two different color beams of light
- Anvil
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hammer to stirrup
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Color Constancy
- tendency to see colors as we think they are rather than as we actually perceive them
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Conductive hearing loss
- Impairment of hearing due to failure of sound waves to reach the inner ear through the normal air conduction channels of the outer and middle ear
- Cones
- Photosensitive receptors in the retina that help you to see color
- Cornea
- The clear, strong surface layer of the eye covering the iris and pupil
- Dichromatic
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the person can match any given hue by mixing only two other wavelengths of light
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Difference Threshold
- the smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect
- Emmetropia
- The condition of an eye with normal vision, meaning that light rays correctly are focused at the inner back of the eye (retina) where images are processed
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Eustachian tube
- a tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the air outside
- Factors that influence taste
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- Temperature
- Description or presentation
- Smell
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Feature Detector
- A group of neurons that becomes active only if a particular feature is present in the sensory input
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Five Basic Sensations of Taste
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- Sweet
- Sour
- Salty
- Bitter
- Umami
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Frequency Theory
- states that there are pulses that travel up the auditory nerve, carrying the information about sound to the brain for processing, and that the rate of this pulse matched the frequency of whatever tone you are hearing exactly
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Gate control theory
- proposes that a neural gate in the spinal cord can modulate incoming pain signals. The gate is opened and closed by messages from the brain
- Gustav Fechner
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- Began psychophysics
- Sensation the result of mental activity and physical experience
- Proposed looking at stimulus magnitudes and relating them to sensation magnitude mathematically
- Hammer
- a tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil
- Hyperopia
- Also called farsightedness. Condition in which the length of the eye is too short, causing light rays to focus behind the retina rather than on it, resulting in blurred near vision
- Kinesthesis
- the ability to feel movements of the limbs and body
- Lens
- The nearly spherical body in the eye, located behind the cornea, that focuses light rays onto the retina
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Method of Adjustment
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asks the subject to control the level of the stimulus, instructs them to alter it until it is just barely detectable against the background noise, or is the same as the level of another stimulus
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Method of Constant Stimuli
- the levels of a certain property of the stimulus are not related from one trial to the next, but presented randomly
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Method of Limits
- The subject reports whether he or she detects the stimulus
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Middle Ear
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- Hammer
- Anvil
- Stirrup
- Eustachian Tube
- Monochromat
- a person who is completely color-blind
- Myopia
- Also called nearsightedness. Condition in which the length of the eye is too long, causing light rays to focus in front of the retina rather than on it, resulting in blurred distance vision
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Opponent Process Theory
- The human visual system processes these primary input into an opposing color system
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Parallel Processing
- The brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions
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Place Theory
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perception of sound is based on frequency of vibrations along the basiliar membrane
- Primer Pheromones
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long-term effects
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Production of focal points (acuity) affected by...
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- Distance of the object
- Size of the pupil
- Shape of the lens
- Depth of the eyeball
- Pupil
- A circular opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye
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Relationship between Sensation and Perception
- Sensation provides the raw information the perception constructs into our experiences
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releaser pheromones
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short-term effects
- Retina
- The sensory membrane that lines the eye
- Rods
- Photosensitive receptors in the retina that help you to see in low light
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Selective Attention
- The ability to attend to one stimulus from among a mass of competing stimuli
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Semicircular Canals
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the vestibular organs that sense rotational motion of the head
- Sensation
- The senses receive communications from the environment
- Sensitivity
- the ability to respond to physical stimuli or to register small physical amounts or differences
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Sensorineural Hearing Loss
- hearing loss caused by damage to the sensory cells and/or nerve fibers of the inner ear
- Sensory Adaptation
- a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation
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Sensory Transduction
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The process occurring within sensory receptors by which physical energy (stimulus) is converted into neural signals
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Stimulus of Hearing
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Sound Waves
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Stimulus of Smell
- Chemica substances that enter the nose
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Stimulus of Taste
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Chemical substances that contact the tongue
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Stimulus of Touch
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Movement of, or pressure on, the skin
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Stimulus of Vision
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Light Energy
- Stirrup
- a tiny, U-shaped bone that passes vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea
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Subliminal Persuasion
- Claims are unsubstantiated by research and research that’s been conducted has had several methodological flaws
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Subtractive Color Mixing
- The process of mixing pigments to create new, darker colors that further reduce (subtract from) the reflection of light from the paper surface
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The Retina contains...
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Neurons and photoreceptors (rods and cones)
- Three methods of experimental measurement used by Fechner and still used today
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- limits
- constant stimuli
- adjustment
- Trichromatic
- The technical name for RGB representation of color, ie, using red , green and blue to create all the colors in the spectrum
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Vestibular Sacs
- sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control our eye movements, and to the muscle that keep us upright
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Visual Capture
- visual perception dominates when visual cues and other sensory cues--auditory, proprioceptive, haptic, etc.--are in direct conflict
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Weber's Law
- The principle that, to perceive their difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage rather than constant amount
- What determines the temperature we sense when we touch an object?
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- The surface conductivity of the object
- The temperature of our body
- Weight of an object