Exam 1 Flash Cards
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- 3 functions of sleep
-
-memory consolidation-energy conservation-helps restore bodily functions
- 4 areas of psychology
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clinical: diagnose and treat emotional problemscounseling: deal with problems of everday life and transitionsschool/educational:enhance school performance and resolve emotional problemsindustrial/organizational:staff human servi
- 4 different kinds of awareness
- 1.) of external events
2.) of internal sensations3.) of oneself as unique to experiences4.) of thoughts about experiences- 4 goals of psychology
- -describe how people and animals behave
-understand and explain the causes of behavior-predict behaviors/reactions across situations-control behavior through understanding its causes and consequences- 5 problems associated with sleep deprivation
- -decrease immune functions
-leads to hallucinations and perceptual disorders-less alert and attentive-more irritable-ability to perform simple tasks declines- 5 short term effects of marijuana
- -problems with learning and memory
-distorted perception-loss of coordination-increased heart rate-panic attacks/anxiety- 5 steps to start a research study
- 1.) develop a theory based on observations
2.) develop a hypothesis from the theory3.) design a research study4.) gather the data5.) analyze the data and report findings- 6 data collection techniques
- 1.) direct observation
2.) questionnaires3.) interviews4.) psychological tests5.) physiological readings6.) examination of historical records- absolute refractory period
- minimum amount of time during which another action potential cannot begin
- absolute threshold
- the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected at least 50% of the time
- absolute threshold for smell
- 1 drop of perfume in a 6(3) room apt.
- absolute threshold for taste
- 1 tsp of sugar in 2 gallons of water
- absolute threshold for touch
- wing of bee on cheek dropped from 1 cm
- acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)
- muscle action, memory and attention; emotion and cognition; some receptors stimulated by nicotine
- action potetial
- when a nerve is stimulated an electrical impulse occurs and moves down the axon to the end of the axon's terminal tip
- adrenal hormones
- involved in emotions and stress
- amplitude
- the height/depth of a wave; corresponds with loudness; the greater the amplitued the louder the sound
- anabolic
- muscle building
- androgenic
- increased masculine characteristics
- androgens
- masculinizing hormones
- audition
- stimuli for hearing are sound waves
- autonomic nervous system
- -flight or fight response
-works automatically-takes messages to and from the body's internal organs monitoring breathing, heart rate, and digestion-two parts to the ANS (SNS, PNS)- axons
- transmit messages away from the cell to other neurons, muscles, or glands
- basilar membrane
- holds the auditory receptors
- behaviorist perspective
- the environmental impact on a person's actions
-observe behavioral responses-classical conditioning - Pavlov's dog-operant conditioning - rewards and punisments-social learning theory - Barney (watching others)- biological perspective
- -understand the mind and behavior through biological processes in brain
-electrical and chemical processes of neurons-localization of function- case study
- -in depth study of an individual or small group
-provides systematic observatios-limited generizability-susceptible to researcher bias- cell body/soma
- keep neurons alive; contains substances for growth, determines whether to fire
- chronic insomnia
- underlying medical or behavioral issues, does have a genetic component likely as it runs in families
- circadian cycles
- - individuals have internal clocks; run on a 24 hour cycle; set up for sleep at night; night time sleepiness: 2am-6am peak; siesta zone: 1-4pm; programmed for naps
- CNS
- -made up of the brain and spinal cord
-99% of eurons are located in the CNS-functions include recieving, processing and storing incoming information; sends out messages to muscles, glands, and internal organs-the central command- cochlea
- a fluid-filled tunnel that has tiny hairs or cilia's which are the sound receptors... they move in different directions, triggering the sensory neurons and an action potential
- cognitive perspective
- -mental processes involved in knowing
-focus on storage and retrieval of info-mind is like computer- cognitive research
- explores higher level mental processes like memory, reasoning, information processing and creativity
- conciousness
- the awareness of internal and external stimuli
- cones
- function best in bright light, serve as color receptors (6 million in humans)
- confounding of variables
- variables whih interact making it difficult to know the true impact of the IV; genetics vs. environmental influences
- continuous vs. categorical variable
- -continuous-a variable which can be measured across a continuum
-categorical-a variable with a fixed meaning or attribute (pregnant or not, divorced or not)- cornea
- light waves enter eye through cornea
- correlational studies
- explores the relationships between two variables using a numerical value
- crack and cocaine
- powerfully addictive central nervous system stimulant
- CT scans
- multiple x rays of successive slices of the brain. looks at brain structure
- demand characteristics
- subjects may behave in ways they think are expected of them
- dendrites
- recieve messages from other neurons, transmit to the cell body
- dependent variable
- is measured to asses any change in response to the manipulation
- depressants/sedatives
- slow down CNS activity, induce sleep, decrease activity
- depth perception
- retina recieves information in 2 dimensions, length and width and the brain traslates into 3 dimensions. uses binocular and monocular cues
- descriptive and correlational studies
- -looks at patterns of behavior across conditions
-links variables which show consistent patterns or relationships- developmental research
- change and growth over the lifespan
- difference threshold
- the smalles difference between two stimuli that people can percieve 50% of the time
- dopamine
- involved in learning, memory and pleasurable emotion. high levels of dopamine associated with schizophrenia; low levels with parkinsons
- double-blind study
- controls for subject and experiment bias with limited knowledge for both
- dual process theory
- it takes trichromatic and opponenet process theories to explain color vision
- electrode method (EEG)
- detect electrical activity of neurons; look at brain waves across events
- epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones
- stimulate the sympathetic nervous system
- estrogens
- feminizing hormones
- evolutionary perspective
- adaptive behavioral traits selected to ensure our survival
- excitatory neurotransmitter
- increases the likelihood it will fire an action potential
- experimental group
- receive the special treatment in the experiment
- experimental research
- conduct lab studies of learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology and cognition
- experimenter bias
- resrach expectation may impact the interpretation of the results
- extraneous variable
- variable other than the IV which can impact results: time of day, lighting, procedural variations
- feminist perspective
- -stresses gender and the behavior of the sexes
-psychology historically white male dominated-focus on women's issues; mensruation, menopause- fMRI
- assess changes in blood oxygen flow to areas of the brain, able to look at both structure and function of the brain
- frequency
- the number of sound waves, cycles per second. most common sounds are in lower frequencies
- frequency theory
- nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the sound waves
- GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) (neurotransmitter)
- inhibitory neurotransmitter, low levels linked with anxiety, anit exiety drugs increase inhibitory effects of GABA
- generalizability
- the ability to reasonably apply the results to other similar populations
- gestalt perspective
- -looks at the elements of experience organized as a whole
-whole as greater than the sum of the parts-looks at the construct of insight- glial cells
- hold the neurons in place, nourish and insulate neurons; non neuron cells which provide a supportive function (glue-glial)
- hallucinogens/psychedilcs
- alter perception, distort sensory experiences
- health hazards of steroids
- -liver tumors and cancer
-jaundice-fluid retention and high blood pressure-severe acne-trembling- How many olfactory receptors do humans have?
- 40 million
- hue
- what is meant by color
- humanistic perspective
- -rejects psychoanalysis as too pessimistic
-stresses free will and goal to reach human potential- Humans have about ______ taste buds
- 9,000
- hypnosis
- systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened sense of susceptibility
- Hypnotic subjects
- those more likely to be absorbed in fantasy make good hypnotic subjects
- hypothesis
- a proposed relationship between two variables
- independent variable
- is manipulated by the experimenter
- inhibitory neurotransmitter
- decreases the likelihood of an action potential
- interneurons
- CNS neurons that mediate sensory input and motor output
- iris
- the pupils size is controlled by muscles in the colored iris that surrounds the pupil
- just noticable difference
- the smalles difference in which you can detect a difference threshold
- kinesthetics
- the body's way of giving feedback about our muscle and joint position; gives us a sense of coordinated movement
- Krosnick study
- subliminal messages may shape attitueds without conscious awareness
- lens
- behind the pupil it become thiner to focus on distant objects and thicker to focus on nearby objects; focuses images onto the retina, revering the image from right to left and from top to bottom; the brain reconstructs it into the image we perceive
- lesion method
- damage or remove section of brain and observe the effects
- long term risks of alcohol
- -liver disease
-brain damage-heart disease-birth defects- MDMA/Ecstasy
- psychoactive drug with both stimulant and ahallucinogenic properties
-is neurotoxic : sharp increase in body temperature, cause muscle breadown and kidney and cardiovascular system failure, brain imaging studies have shown injury to t- melatonin (hormone)
- regulates biological rythm
- motor/efferent neurons
- carry the brains output to muscles, glands and organs
- MRI
- uses magnetic fields and radio frequencies which produce vibrations that are picked up by recievers. provides a structural view of the brain
- narcolepsy
- falling asleep suddenly or "sleep attacks" which can occur at any time and last a few seconds or 30 minutes
- naturalistic observation
- -looks at behavior in a natural environment
-reports observations-can describe, but not explain behaviors- neurons
- -individual cells which recieve, integrate and transmit information
- neurotransmitters
- chemical substances which carry info across the synaptic gap to the next neuron
- norepinephrine (neurotransmitter)
- learning, memory and emotion, excite heart muscles, intestines and urogenital tract, involved in alertness and wakefulness
- opponent process theory
- each type of cone responds to two different wavelengths; red/green, blue/yellow, black/white
- optic chiasm
- where the optic nerves from each eye cross over and pass information to the opposite side of the brain
- optic disk
- a hole in the retina; it yields a blind spot which we dont experience as a "hole" as each eye compensates for the blind spot on the other
- optics/narcotics
- mimic endorphins, increase pleasure and decrease pain
- perception
- active process of organizing stimulus input and giving it meaning
- perceptual constancy
- objects appear to be relatively stable despite changes in the stimulation of sensory receptors
- perceptual set
- readiness to percieve stimuli in a particular way
- peripheral nervous system
- -nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord which handles input and output of the CNS
-connects the brain and spinal cord to the other areas of the body- personality research
- define, describe and measure the stability of behaviors and personality traits over time
- PET
- recoreds biochemical changes in teh brain as they occur by detecting radioactive material has been injected or inhaled. LOOKS AT BRAIN FUNCTION
- pheremones
- chemical signals which are found in natural body scents in humans and other species
- physical dependence
- person must continue to take to avoid withdrawal illness
- physical effects of crack and cocaine
- -constricted blood vessels
-dilated pupils-increased heart rate, temperature and blood pressure- physical effects of LSD
- -dilated pupils
-increased heart rate and blood pressure-higher body temperature-loss of appetite-sleeplessness-dry mouth and tremors-sensory and emotional changes-flashbacks- physiological research
- looks at genetic influences and factors on behavior
- pitch
- the quality of a tone from low to high, the number of times particles oscillate per second
- place theory
- different areas of the basilar membrane are sensitve to different frequencies
- positive psychology
- focus on the adaptive, creative, and positive aspects of human experience
-look at subjective experiences of positive emotions: contentment, happiness-identify positive traits such as kindness, caring, resilience-explore social e- psychoactive drugs
- a substance that affets perception, mood, thinking, memory or behavior by changing the body's chemistry
- psychodynamic perspective
- -concious and unconcious forces determine behavior
-behavior as an interplay between thoughts and feelings-mental processes can conflict- psychological dependence
- person must continue to take a drug to satisfy emotional cravings
- psychology
- the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior
reflects the influences of: biological processes, individual differences, time and culture- psychometric research
- looks at the measurement of behavior through the development of psychological tests
- pupil
- is behind the cornea which adjusts to contol the amount of light that enters the eye
- reliablity
- do you get consistent results over time?
- REM movement disorder
- -usually in sleep the paralysis which normally occurs does not fuction ad a person actually acts out his dream
- REM sleep
- active brainwaves, increased heart rae and blood pressure, limp muscle state; 80% of REM is dream sleep; alternates on 90 minute cycles
- response set
- consistence in answers reflective of a patterned response (always, never... all the time)
- resting potential
- a neuron at its stable negative charge when inactive
- retinal disparity
- objects project images to different locations on the right and left retina which give a different view of the object. the closer an item gets the greater the disparty between the images on the eyes
- risks of MDMA/Ecstasy
- -depression, confusion, sleep problems, severe anxiety
-muscle tension, teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, rapid eye movement, chills or sweating-risk for people with circulatory or heart disease-some evidence for longer te- ritalin
- CNS stimulant mediation often prescribed for ADHD; now sold as a street drug illegally
- Rituals
- surrounding hypnosis increase suggestibility and create expectations
- rods
- function best in dim light, primarily black/which brightness receptors, more sensitve to light than cones, no color sensation (120 million in humans)
- sampling bias
- skewed samples will give results which don't generalize
- saturation
- the colors purity, how diluted is it with black or white
- sensation
- stimulus detection process where our sense organs respond to and translate stimuli into nerve impulses sent to the brain
- sensory adaptation (habituation)
- over time neurons decrease activity in response to a constant stimulus
- sensory/afferent neurons
- carry info to the brain from the skin, muscles, or organs
- serotonin
- involved in sleep, mood, depression, ocd
- short-term insomnia
- poor sleeping for 2-3 weeks caused by ongoing stressors as well as medical problems
- signal detection theory
- various factors influence our sensory judgement; often involves a process of decisions in addition to sensation
- single-blind study
- controls for subject bias by limiting their knowledge
- size constancy
- objects do not appear to change in size when viewed from different distances
- sleep apnea
- a "lack of breath" while sleeping; disrupts sleep patterns
-muscles at the back of the throat relax, obstructing the airway, breathig can actually stop causing awakenings- sleep talking
- -can range from one word to a soliloquy
-no memory of the conversation-usually short term-sometimes because of stress or illness- sleep terror
- -sudden awakening with physical behavior associated with intense fear
-screaming, fighting, trying to escape appear-episodes last about 15 minutes-person returns to sleep, unable to recall in the morning-more common in- social desirability
- give awers that are "correct" or "appropriate" and not necessarily true
- social research
- individual and group behaviors and responses across situations
- sociocultural perspective
- -identify social rules, roles and influences of groups on behavior
-explore the impact of cultural norms and values on behavior- somatic nervous system
- sensory nerves relay info from the skin and muscles to the CNS about pain, temperature, and informs muscles when to act
- Spanos
- subjects interpret their behaior as caused by something other than self
- stage 1 of sleep
- light sleep, small irregular brain waves, muscles relax
- stage 2 of sleep
- high peaking waves, sleep spindles, burst of electrical activity
- stage 3 of sleep
- deep sleep, delta waves, slow with high peaks
- stage 4 of sleep
- progressively more delta waves (deep sleep)
- steroids
- -man made substances related to mae hormones used to treat low levels of testosterone
-abused to enhance athletic performance/improve appearance- stimulants
- speed up activity in the CNS
- stimulus detection
- how intense does a stimulus need to be for us to recognize its presence?
- subjects
- random sample which represents the population as a whole
- subliminal perception
- can we be unaware of things and have them still have an impact?
- Summation of Spano's beliefs
- -hypnosis represents a voluntary action, brought about by expectations
-hypnotic behaviors are highly motivated, goal directed social behaviors-hypnosis is not truly an altered state of conciousness-good hypnotic subjects are mos- survey method
- -large sample size possible
-questionnaires and interviews-possibility for response bias exists- sympathetic nervous system
- mobilizes body for action, stops digestion, increases oxygen to the blood for muscle responses, increases heart rate, dialates pupils, dry mouth, goose bumps
- synapses
- gaps between the neurons - often between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another
- synaptic vessicles
- release neurotransmitters which then bind with a dendrite receptor site
- systematic observation
- explores change in variables of interest
- tactile sensation
- three primary sensations : pressure, temperature, pain
- terminal buttons
- insulated by fatty material called the myelin sheath, which helps the nerve impulse travel faster
- the nervous system
- the body's electrochemical communication system
-divided into two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system- the three levels of conciousness
- 1.) conscious: mental events we are aware of
2.) preconcious: mental events that can be brought to our awareness3.) unconcious: mental events inaccessible to our awareness- theory
- a systematic way of organizing and understanding observations
- timbre
- the wave purity or mixture of sound
- tolerance
- the progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug
- transient insomnia
- lasts only a few nights, often due to anxiety or excitement
- trichromatic theory
- three types of color receptors in the retina; individual cones are most sensitve to either red, blue or green
- umami
- may be 5th basic quality of tast (triggered by compounds of amino acids - pungent, the essence, savory, deliciousness of a food)
- validity
- does it measure what it's supposed to measure?
- variable
- anything which can be measured or described along a particular dimension
- various factors involved in hypnosis
- -Anesthesia
-Sensory distortions-Disinhibition-Post-hypnotic amnesia- vestibular
- in the inner ear; helps with balance and maintaining our equilibrium in space
- Weber's law
- the difference threshold is directly proportional to the magnitude of teh stimulus to which the comparison is being made
- What are the four basica qualities of taste?
- sweet, sour, salty, bitter