anatomy questions
Terms
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- anatomy is
- the study of the structure of the human body.
- branches of anatomy
- gross, and histology (microscopic)
- name 2 structures human bodies share with all vertebrates.
- brain, heart.
- 11 organ systems NERDI CURLS M
- nervous,endocrine,respiratory,digestive,integumentary,cardiovascular,urinary,reproductive,lymphatic,skeletal,muscular.
- 3 things integumentary system does
- forms external body covering,protects deeper tissues,has sweat and oil glands.
- 3 things skeletal system does
- protects and supports organs,provides framework for muscles, stores minerals.
- 3 things muscular system does
- allows manipulation of environment,locomotion, produces heat.
- 2 things nervous system does
- fast acting control system, responds to internal and external changes.
- endocrine system has glands that secrete hormones that regulate:
- growth,reproduction, nutrient use, etc.
- cardiovascular system has (2 imp. things)
- blood vessels, heart
- blood vessels:
- transport blood, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, carry nutrients and wastes.
- heart:
- pumps blood
- 3 things lymphatic system does
- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, houses white blood cells, mounts attacks against foreign substances in body.
- 2 things respiratory system does
- keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide
- 2 things digestive system does
- breaks down food into absorbable units, eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces.
- 3 things urinary system does
- eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates water electrolyte and acid-base balance, and regulates systemic blood pressure.
- 1 things reproductive system does
- produces offspring,males have testes producing sperm and male sex hormones. Women have ovaries and eggs and female sex hormones...also mammary glands make milk.
- coronal plane
- frontal plane (divides body into anterior and posterior parts)
- median plane
- also called midsagittal plane. divides body vertically in the midline
- transverse plane
- runs horizontally dividing body into superior and inferior parts.
- 5 body cavities:
- cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
- cranial cavity contains
- brain
- vertebral cavity contains
- spinal cord
- thoracic cavity contains
- heart and lungs
- what separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
- diaphragm
- abdominal cavity contains
- digestive viscera, kidneys, and peritoneal cavity.
- pelvic cavity contains
- bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, and peritoneal cavity.
- mediastinum
- contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac
- serous cavities:
- a slit like space lined by a serous membrane
- "potential" cavity contains:
- pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum. parietal serosa, and vesceral serosa.
- parietal serosa:
- outer wall of the serous cavity
- vesceral serosa:
- covers visceral organs
- pleural cavity contains
- serous fluid
- 4 kinds of tissues:
- nervous,epithelial, connective tissue, muscle
- epithelial tissue function:
- covers a body surface or lines a body cavity, forms most glands. protects.
- modifications to epithelial tissue:
- villi, microvilli,tight junctions, gap junctions, basal lamina.
- basal lamina functions:
- acts as a selective filter,forms basement for membrane
- simple
- one layer of cells
- stratified
- more than one layer of cells
- squamous
- squished or flattened cells
- cuboidal
- cells like cubes
- columnar
- cells taller than they are wide, like columns
- Goblet cells:
- unicellular exocrine glands that produce mucus.
- Endocrine glands are:
- ductless, secrete substances directly into bloodstream, produce hormones.
- Exocrine glands are:
- modifications of epithelium, secrete out of body, ducts open to the surface
- basal lamina:
- noncellular supporting sheet between the epithelium and the deeper connective tissue. consists of proteins secreted by the epithelial cells.
- 4 connective tissues
- connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue, blood
- connective tissue consists of:
- cells separated by large amounts of extracellular matrix
- 2 kinds of connective tissue proper
- dense, loose
- 3 kinds of dense connective tissue proper
- regular, irregular, elastic
- 3 kinds of loose connective tissue proper
- areolar connective tissue, reticular tissue, adipose tissue
- 3 kinds of cartilage:
- hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
- tissue fluid (interstitial fluid):
- watery fluid occupying matrix
- ground substance of connective tissue
- spongy part of matrix made of sugar and protein
- adipose tissue:
- loose connective tissue proper, fatty, used for cushion and warmth.
- membranes combine...
- epithelial tissues and connective tissues, cover broad areas within the body.
- 3 kinds of membranes...
- cutaneous membranes(skin), mucous membrane(lines hollow organs that open to surface of body),serous membranes(simple squamous epithelium lying on areolar connective tissue proper, and line closed cavities)
- A
- A
- skin:
- largest organ, accounts for 7% of body weight
- 2 layers of skin:
- epidermis, dermis,(hypodermis lies deep to the dermis)
- 2 layers of dermis:
- papillary layer, reticular layer
- skin functions:
- cushions, insulates, protects from bumps scratches,elements, and uv rays.
- 3 main layers of the epidermis:
- stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum coreum (stratum basale is thin layer below stratum spinosum)
- dermis consists of:
- strong flexable connective tissue
- hypodermis consists of:
- areolar and adipose connective tissues
- 3 kinds of pigment:
- melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
- hair is:
- flexible strand of dead keratinized cells
- 3 layers of keratinized cells (hair)
- medulla-central core cortex-surrounds medulla cuticle-outermost layer
- root plexus:
- knot of sensory nerves around the hair bulb
- arrector pilli:
- muscle that makes hair stand erect.
- sebaceous gland secrete:
- oily sebum
- sweat glands also called:
- sudoriferous glands
- 2 types of sudoriferous glands:
- eccrine gland-true sweat gland apocrine gland-in axillary, anal, and genital areas
- nails made of
- keratin
- 3 kinds of skin cancer from most treatable to least treatable:
- basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma
- cancer signs:abcd
- asymmetry, border, color, diameter
- 4 cell types in epidermis:
- keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells
- keratinocytes
- most abundant epithelial cells in the epidermis that form 5 layers
- melanocytes
- pigment producing cells in the epidermis
- merkel cells
- epidermis surface cells (where there is no hair)sensitive to touch.
- langerhans cells
- innitiate a immune response against pathogens that have penetrated the superficial layers of the epidermis
- stratum basale function:
- separates he epidermis from the loose connective tissue of the dermis
- stratum spinosum appearance and function:
- "spiny layer" where stem cells divide and push the older ones into the next..pushing them further out.
- stratum granulosum appearance and function:
- "granular layer"consists of keratinocytes that were pushed out of the stratum spinosum
- stratum corneum appearance and function:
- "dead flaky cells" found at surface of the skin
- dense irregular connective tissue
- tissue that provides strength and support to areas subjected to stresses.
- dense regular connective tissue
- collagen fibers packed tightly together and aligned parallel to applied forces. ex-tendons, and ligaments
- adipose tissue
- fatty cells that lie deep to the skin, and serve as padding and insulation
- areolar tissue
- within and deep to the dermis, between muscles and around joints. serves as cushion for organs, supports movement
- reticular tissue
- found in liver, kidney, bone marrow. serves as support for framework
- mesenchyme :
- star shaped cells that are seperated by matrix and are the first to appear in an embryo
- loose connective tissue:
- packing material of the body: areolar, adipose, reticular
- cells of connective tissue proper
- mesenchymal, firoblasts, fibrocytes
- matrix
- extracellular fibers, and ground substance
- lacuna
- space inside matrix
- articulation
- where bone comes together (joints)
- appositional growth
- growth from outside in
- interstitial growth
- growth from inside out
- pleural membrane:
- thin membrane that covers the lung
- pericardium:
- the thin sac that contains the heart
- peritoneum:
- the serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
- serous cavity has what liquid?
- serous fluid
- serous membrane function?
- acts as a lubrication against friction
- diaphysis
- shaft of long bone
- epiphysis
- end of long bone
- medullary cavity
- hollow cavity filled with marrow
- bone on the outside
- compact bone
- bone on the inside
- spongy bone
- one kind of bone growth having to do with ossification center, osteocytes, osteoblasts, and new bone matrix
- intramembranous ossification
- most common bone growth except in some skull and clavicle bones. In hyaline carilage
- endochondral ossification