Exam 3 - Psychology
Terms
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- The process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain.
- Sensation
- Sense that is considered most valuable
- Vision
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Theory of color vision suggesting that three kinds of cells respond by increasing or decreasing their rate of firing when different colors are present
~ Red/green: increase firing rate when red but decrease when green
~yellow/blue: inc: yellow - Opponent - Process Theory
- A visual sensation that remains after a stimulus is withdrawn
- Afterimage
- Point in each retina where there are no rods or cones because the cabale of ganglion cells is extending through the retinal wall
- Blindspot ( optic disk)
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Small area at center of retina that provides the clearest and sharpest vision because it has the largest concentration of cones
~ used for detail things (ex: sewing) - Fovea
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Light-sensitive receptor cells in retina that enable humans to see color and fine detail in adequate light but do not funtion in very dim light.
~Bright light, color, detail
~Back of retina - Cones
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Light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina that look like slender cylinders and allow the eye to respond to as few as five photons of light.
~Low illumination levels
~Back of retina - Rods
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The layer of tissue that is located on the inner surface of the eyeball & contains the sensory receptors for vision.
~Size of small postage stamp & thins as onion skin - Retina
- The process by which sensory information is activiely organized and interpreted by the brain.
- Perception
- Gender differences in color blindness
- more common in men.
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A German word that roughly refers to the whole form, pattern, or configuration that a person perceives.
Figure-ground
Similarity
Proximity
Continuity
Closure - Gestalt Principles of Grouping (Gestalt)
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As we view the world, some object often seems to stand out from the background.
~Picure of wine glass or two faces looking at eachother - Figure-ground
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Objects that have similar characteristics are perceived as a unit.
~Dots of a similar color are perceied as belonging together to form horizontal rows on the left and vertical columns on the right. +++++
.....
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..... - Similarity
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Objects that are close together in space or time are usually perceived as belonging together, Because of their spacing, the lines in this example are perceived as three pairs of lines rather tahn as five seperate lines
_______
_______ - Proximity
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We tend to pereceive figures or objects as belonging together if they appear to form a continous pattern.
~ Flow into pattern(p104) - Continuity
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We perceive figures with gaps in them to be complete. Even though parts of this figure are missing, we see this as squiggly line. ~~~~~~~~~~
ex: the circle() - Closure
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See best/most correct
ex: WOODSON
WILSON - Pragnanz
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~Needing two eyes
~Retinal disparity: each retina has a different image
~convergence: eyes crossing on near objects - Binocular depth cues
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~One eye
~Interposition: overlaping column etc. - Monocular
- When one object partly blocks your view of another, you perceive the partially blocked object as being farther away (drapes overlapping column)
- Interposition (monocular)
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Parallel lines that are known to be the same distance apart appear to grow closer together, or converge, as they reced into the distance.
~on drawing - Linear perspective (monocular)
- Larger objects are perceived as being closer to the viewer, and smaller objects as being farther away.
- Relative size (monocular)
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Objects close to you appear to have sharply defined features, and similar objects that are farther away appear progressively less well-defined or fuzzier in texture.
~near are more shaped and textured - Texture gradient (monocular)
- Objects in the distance have a bluish tint and appear more blurred than objects close at hand
- Atmosphere perspective (monocular)
- When light falls on object, they cas shadows, which add to the perception of depth
- Shading
- When you ride in a moving vehicle and look out the side window, the objects you see outside appear to be moving in the opposite direction and at different speeds; those closest to you appear to be moving faster than those in the distance. Objects very fa
- Motion parallax
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A false perception or a misperception of an actual stimulus in the environment
EX: Moon looks small in the ski, but huge when going up or down - Illusion
- Everything of which we are aware at any given time- our thoughts, feelings, sensations, and external environment.
- Consciousness
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Within each 24-hour period, the regular fluctuation from high to low points of certain bodily functions and behaviors.
~ Body temp: normal body temp. ranges from low of 97 between 3-4am to a high of about 98.6 between 6 to 8 pm. Sleep best when low - circadian rhythm
- A pair of tiny structures in the brain's hypothalamus that control the timing of circadian rhythms: bio clock
- suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
- Most important is bright light, sunlight.
- Environmental cues
- More you have, the more sleepy you are
- Hormone Melatonin
- When going to lets say Australia and arent used to the time difference. It is actually 9 am and you feel like it is midnight
- Jet lag
- Jet Lag and disorders
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Travelers whose psychiatric disorders are in remission are at reisk of suffering relapses when they cross several time zones.
~Alsochronic jet lag, such as that experienced by many airline polots and flight attendants, produces memory deficits that may be permanent. - Average number of hours of sleep per nigt and its relationship to longevity
- they say that those who sleep 7 hours every night live longer than those who sleep more or less then this.
- NREM
- 4 stages of NREM and 1 stage of REM
- Non-rapid eye movement sleep, which consists of four sleep stages and is characterized by slow, regular respiration and heart rate, little body movement, an absence of rapid eye movements, and blod pressure and brain activity that are at their 24-hour lo
- NREM sleep
- A type of sleep characterized by rapid eye movemtents, paralysis of large muscles, fast andirregular heart and respiration rates, increased brain-wave activity, and vivid dreams
- REM sleep
- The increased amount of REM sleep that occurs after REM deprivation; often associated with unpleasant dreams or nightmares.
- REM rebound
- Causes of REM rebound
- General sleep loss or illness. Alcohol, amphhetamines, cocaine, and LSD also supress REM sleep, and withdrawal from drugs result in a REM rebound.
- REM as we age
- Most: infants Less when you get older
- Negative aspects of sleep deprivation (3)
- Mood, alertness, and performance.
- Sleep disturbances in which behavior and physiological states that normally take place only in the waking state occur while a person is sleeping.
- parsomnias
- sleepwalking; a parasomnia that occurs during partial arousal; from stage 4 sleep
- somnambulism
- a sleep disturbance that occurs during partial arousal from Stage 4 sleep, in shich the sleeper springs up in a stae of panic
- sleep terrors
- frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep and are likely to be remembered in vivid default.
- nightmares
- sleeptalking: parasomnia that can occur during any sleep stage.
- somniloquy
- A sleep disorder characterized by periods during sleep when breathing stops and the individual must awaken briefly in order to breathe
- sleep apnea
- a procedure through which one person, the hypnotist, uses power of suggestion to induce changes in thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, or behavior in another person, the subject.
- Hypnosis
- What can hypnosis help and not help
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Can help with pain, BP, morning sickness, asthma, insomnia, phobias, DID, PTSD, warts, burns, nightmares, sexual sysfunction.
Cant help: smoking, weight loss, drug addiction - any substance that alters mood, perception, or thought; called a controlled substance if approved for medical use.
- psychoactive drug
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1) Neurobiological: pleasant physiological state producd by stimulant
2) Heredity: alchohol: small amount for some and alot for others
3)Psychological and Social
4)Protective Factors - Four factors that influence how addictive a drug can be
- A compulsive pattern of drug use in which the user develops a drug tolerance coupled with unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug use is discontinued
- Physical drug dependence
- A condition in which the user becomes progressively less affected by the drug and must take larger and larger doses to maintain the same effect or high.
- Drug tolerance
- The physical and psychological symptoms (usually the exact opposite of the effects produced by the drug) that occur when a regularly used drug is discontinued and that terminate when the druge is taken again
- withdrawal symptoms
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a craving or irresistible urge for a drug's pleasurable effects
~More difficult to combat - Psychological drug dependence
- A category of drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system, suppress appetite, and can cause a person to feel more awake, alert, and energetcic; "uppers"
- Stimulants
- Stimulants (4)
- caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
- a category of drugs that decrease activity in the central nervous system, slow down bodily functions, and reduce sensitivity to outside stimmulation; "downers"
- Depressants
- (3) Depressants
- Barbiturates, Minor tranquilizers, Narcotics
- A category of drugs that can alter and distort perception oftime and space, alter mood, produce feelings of unreality, and cause hallucinations;also called psychedelics
- Hallucinogens
- Hallucinogens (3)
- Marijuana, LSD, Designer Drugs
- A person who poses as a participant in an experiment but is actually assisting the experimenter
- confederate
- attributing a behavior to some external cause or factor operating within the situation; an external attribution
- Situational attribution
- An assignment of a cause to explain one's own or another's behavior
- attribution
- attributing a behavior to some internal cause, such as a personal trait, motive, or attitude; an internal attribution
- dispositional attribution
- the tendency to attribute one's successes to dispositional causes and one's failures to situational causes
- self-serving bias
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the tendency to feel more postively toward a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure to it.
EX: keep seeing person, more you like him/her - Mere-exposure effect
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~ Symmetrical, more attractive
~ Nicer to those who are attractive - Physical attraction
- The tendency to assume that a person has generally postive or negative traits as a result of observing one major positive or negative trait.
- Halo effect
- The notion that people tend to have lovers or spouses who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness and other assets.
- Matching Hypothesis
- Men prefer in mating partner
- beautiful, young, and novelty women
- Women prefer in mating partner:
- resources, and shared parental investment
- Asch's line test
- All but one of the "subjects" were really confederates of the experimenter. They deliberately chose the wrong line to try to influence the naive subject to go along with the majority.
- Changing or adopting a behavior or an attitude in order to be consistent with the social norms of a group or the expectations of other people.
- Conformity
- Milgram
- 36 out of 40 naive participants (90%) defied the experimenter before the maximum shock could be given
- acting in accordance with the wishes, suggestions, or direct requests of other people
- compliance
- a strategy designed to gain a favorable response to a small request at first, with the intent of making the person more likely to agree later to a larger request.
- foot-in-the-door technique
- A strategy in which someone makes a large, unreasonable request with the expectation that the person will refuse but will then be more likely to respond favorablly to a smaller request later.
- door-in-the-face technique
- A strategy in which someone makes a very attractive initila offer to get a person to commit to an action and then makes the terms less favorable
- Low-ball techinque
- Group meeting are more powerful than just one person to be more extreme about an idea
- group polarization
- a deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes and/or behavior of another person.
- Persuasion
- Four elements of persuasion
- 1)Source 2)Audience 3) Message 4) Medium
- Sherif's Robber's Cave experiment
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"cure" for aggression was cooperation
~Working together to push the truck