mgbiofinal
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- Levels of Biological Organization
- Atoms > Molecules > Organelles > Cells > Tissues > Organs & Organ systems > Organism > population > communities > ecosystems
- 7 Properties of Life
- 1. Order 2. Evolutionary Adaptation 3. Response to the ENvironment 4. Growth and Devlp 5. Reproduction 6. Energy processes 7. Regulation
- Arrangemennt and interactions of parts as complexity increases
- Emergent Properties
- Examines natural structures and processes as accurately as possible using descriptions and analyses based on OBSERVATIONAL DATA
- Observation based science (book-discovery science)
- Examines using descriptions and analysis based on experimental data
- Experimental based science
- Logic flows from general to specific (If, then)
- Deductive Reasoning
- What happens when you change the number of protons?
- THe element changes
- Changing the number of neutrons
- isotopes
- changing number of electrons
- ions - when number of protons and electrons in atom is =, atom has no charge
- covalent bond of same element
- Dietomic
- sharing of a pair by electrons by 2 atoms
- covalent bonds
- atoms sometime strip electrons from their bonding partners; attraction b/e cation and anion
- ionic bond
- Hydrogent atoms covalently bonded to one electronegative atoms
- Hydrogen Bonds
- Making or breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in composition of matter
- chemical reaction
- The reactivity of an atom arises from A. the average distance of the outermost electron shell from the nucleus B. The existance of unpaired electrons in the valence shell C. The sum of the potential energies of all the electron shell D. The potential
- B.
- Which statement is true of all atoms that are anions? - THe atom has more electrons than protons - the atom has more protons than electrons - the atom has few protons than does a neutral atom of the same element - the atom has more neutrons than proto
- atom has more electrons than protons antion - negatively charged ion
- 4 Water properties
- 1) Cohesive Behavior 2) Ability to moderate temperature 3) Expansion ions upon freezing 4) Versatility as a solvent
- Why is water cohesive?
- because of hydrogen bonds
- why does water have the ability to moderate temperature?
- high specific heat
- water molecules stick to some other substances
- adhesion
- collectively, hydrogen bonds cause water to stick to eachother
- hydrogen bonds
- Liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture
- solution
- dissolving agent
- solvent
- substance being dissolved
- solute
- stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid
- colloid
- Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature - Water's change in density when it condenses - Water's ability to dissolve molecules in t
- -The absorption of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds
- The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are -Ionic bonds -Hydrogen bonds between water molecules -Covalent bonds between atoms within water molecules -Polar covalent bonds -Nonpolar covalent bonds
- - Hydrogen bonds between water molecules
- Which of the following is a hydrophobic material? - Paper - Table salt - wax - sugar - pasta
- - wax
- organic molecules only consist of carbon and hydrogen
- hydrocarbons
- serve as major fuel for cells & as raw material for bulding molecules
- glucose
- dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- disaccharides are formed by...
- glucose linkage
- purpose of polysaccharaides
- storage and structural roles
- storage in animals? storage in plants?
- glycogen; starch
- structural polysacc. - exoskeleton of arthopods and cell walls of fungi
- chitin
- 2 fatty acids and phosphate group - attached to glycerol
- phospholipids
- purpose of proteins
- structural support, storage, transportation, cellular communications, mvt, defense against foreign substances
- To join two monomers in a biological system, the chemical rxn most often used is... A. Dehydration B. Hydrolysis C. Replication D. Transcription E. Translation
- A. Dehydration
- Which of the following chemicals is used to store energy in a form that can be accessed directly and imediately for use in most cellular processes? ATP, carbs, DNA, lipids, RNA?
- ATP
- To break a monomer away from a biological polymer, the chem rxn most often used is... dehydration, hydrolysis, replication, transcription, translation?
- hydrolysis
- type of protein that acts as a catalyst - SPEEDS UP chemical reaction
- enzymes
- proteins are linked by what kind of bonds?
- peptide bonds
- type of cell that does not have membrane bound organelles, no nucleus
- prokaryotic cells
- DNA in a region of prokaryotic cells is called..
- nucleoid
- contains most genes in eukaryotic cells
- nucleus
- encloses nucleus, separating contents from cytoplasm - has lipid bilayer
- nuclear envelope
- functions of smooth ER (4) SMDS
- -Synthesizes lipids - Metabolizes carbs - detoxifies poison - stores calcium
- Functions of rough ER (3)
- - secretes glycoproteins - distributes transport vesivles, proteins surrounded by membrane
- Parts of endomembrane system (6) NEVLGP
- o Nuclear envelope o ER o Golgi Apparatus o Lysosomes o Vacuoles o Plasma Membrane
- organelle: packing & shipping
- golgi apparatus
- 3 different types of lysosomes
- 1) food vacuole - phagocytosis 2) contractile - pump excess water out 3) central - hold organic compounds
- site of cellular respiration site of photosynthesis
- mitochondria chloroplast
- network of fibers extending throughout cytoplasm, ANCHORING organelles
- cytoskeleton
- functions of microtubules
- - shaping of the cell - guiding movement to organelles -separating chromosomes during cell division
- function of microfilament
- - motility
- since animal cells do not have cell wall - they have...
- ECM - extracellular matrix
- which statement correctly characterizes bound ribosomes? A- B rib are enclosed in their own membrane B- B and free rib are structurally different C- B rib generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins D- most comon location for bound r
- C
- What structure is NOT part of the endomembrane system? nuclear envelopte, chloroplast, Golgi app, plasma membrane, ER
- chloroplast o Nuclear envelope o ER o Golgi Apparatus o Lysosomes o Vacuoles o Plasma Membrane
- which structure-function is mismatched A. nucleolus; production of ribosomal subunits B. lysosome: intracellular digestion C. ribosome: protein synthesis D: Golgi: protein trafficking E: microtubule: muscle contraction
- E. microtubule: muscle contraction microtubules are for shaping the cell, guiding mvt to organelles, and separating chromosomes microFILAMENTS are for muscle contractions
- A
- A
- Catabolic pathways & Example
- Breakdown pathways - Ex: cellular respiration sugar glucose and other organic fuels break down in presence of oxygen to carbon and water
- anabolic pathways
- consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
- net release of energy is spontaneous
- exergonic reaction
- use of exergonic process to drive endergonic
- energy coupling
- reduce productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active site
- competitve inhibitors
- bind to another part of enzyme - causes enzyme molecule to change shape - active site becomes less effective at catalyzing and conversion substrate --> product
- noncompetitive inhibitor