LEA Test 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What is the difference between a rabbit and a hare?
- Hares are born ready to run, fully furred. Rabbits are dependent on parents for 1st 3 weeks.
- What are rabbits used for commercially?
- Meat and fur.
- What are rabbits used for in research?
- Cosmetics(?), immunology, drugs, orthopedics, models for TSS.
- Average weight of a rabbit?
- 2-18 lbs
- When do rabbits molt?
- The fall.
- What and where are the rabbits incisors called?
- Upper -they have 2 front teeth and 2 peg teeth, lower -they have 2 front teeth.
- When do a rabbits teeth need to be trimmed?
- Only if they're maloccluded.
- What are night stools commonly called and what are they?
- "Cecal stools". They are ingested directly from the anus and are soft. *if you see them they may not be feeling well.
- What species are rabbits?
- Lagomorphs - because of their 2 front peg teeth.
- How can you hold a rabbit?
- Football hold, scruff hold & support rump or abdomen, bunny burrito.
- How do you place a rabbit back in their cage?
- Hind end first.
- What do you feed a rabbit?
- High fiber rabbit pellets, fresh greens, free choice grass hay, small amounts of fresh fruits.
- What type of greens should be avoided for rabbits?
- Light colored - iceberg lettuce and alfalpha.
- What types of food should be avoided for rabbits?
- High starch foods: crackers, oats, corn & wheat.
- What type of estrus cycle do rabbits have?
- Said not to have one. They are induced ovulators. Ovulation occurs after copulation.
- What are some signs of rabbit estrus?
- Red, swollen vulva, hop around - rub their chins on everything (scent gland there).
- How do you sex a rabbit?
- Males:expose penis & see a round opening. Females:when exposed they have a slit, not a round opening.
- What are male/female/baby rabbits called?
- Buck/doe/kits.
- What can occur with an intact female rabbit?
- Uterine cancer.
- What is rabbit parturition called?
- Kindling.
- What is unusual about rabbit parturition?
- Babies can be born up to 3 dyas apart, usually with no complications.
- Characteristics of rabbits post-parturition.
- Young are born hairless, eyes & ears closed. Doe has no retrieving instinct. Don't disturb. Does nurse 5-10 mns, 2Xs a day.
- How often does a doe nurse?
- 5-10 mns. 2 times a day.
- What are some signs of rabbits dystocia?
- Straining with no babies produced, anorexia, fever, smelly bloody discharge.
- What can cause pseudopregnancy?
- Infertile matings can induce ovulation. Generally lasts 15-17 days and may pull fur from their dewlap for 10-14 days.
- Where can you bleed a rabbit?
- Marginal ear vein, central ear artery (auricular artery), jugular, cephalic, lateral saphenous, vena cava.
- Where is the marginal ear vein located?
- Caudal exterior portion of the pinna.
- How do you collect blood from the marginal ear vein?
- Occlude vein at base of ear, use 25-22ga needle (very superficial, don't go thru pinna), collect blood from needle hub w/hematocrit tube.
- Where is the central ear artery located?
- On the exterior surface of the pinna - runs along the center or just off center of the pinna.
- How do you collect blood from the central ear artery?
- Don't occlude vessel! Use butterfly catheter & drip into a tube. Hold off for 30-40 sec & monitor for another mn.
- Drug administration sites for a rabbit.
- IM (lumbar, quad), SQ, IV (cephalic, saphenous), intraosseus, oral, nasogastric tube.
- Do you withhold food before anesthesia for rabbits?
- Yes, 2-4 hours before.
- Why should you house rabbits in a cooler environment (68*)?
- They can get heatstroke. Provide shade and water if housed outdoors.
- Signs of malocclusion in rabbits?
- Difficulty chewing food, anorexia (check for droppings).
- What is one of the most common diseases of rabbits?
- Enteritis.
- What are signs of enteritis?
- Anorexia, soft-diarrhea type stools.
- Treatment for enteritis.
- Hi-fiber foods, fluids, motolity stimulating drugs, stress reduction.
- Why do rabbits get hairballs?
- Their pyloris is to small to pass them and they are unable to throw up.
- What can you do to avoid hairballs?
- Keep them on a high fiber diet.
- What internal parasites can rabbits get?
- Coccidia, pinworms.
- Should you clean a rabbits ears?
- No, their eardrums are extremely friable.
- What external parasites do rabbits get?
- Ear mites, fleas, cheylitella, cuterebra warbles.
- What external rabbit parasite is zoonotic?
- Cheylitella.
- How do you treat ear mites?
- Ivermectin injection, topical application, flea powder in ears, clean environment.
- How do you treat cheylitella?
- Ivermectin injections, flea powder, treat environment! It's zoonotic!
- How do you treat cuterebra warbles?
- Surgically remove the larva and supportive therapy. Larva penetrates rabbits subcutaneous space and grows.
- What causes rabbit syphilis (vent disease)?
- It's a contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema paralunis-cuniculi.
- What does pasteurellosis cause in rabbits?
- Abscesses and snuffles.
- How do you treat abscesses?
- Drain & flush, systemic antibiotics, isolate animal.
- How do rabbits contract snuffles?
- Fomites, direct contact, aerosol.
- Signs of snuffles.
- Nasal discharge, sneezing, rhinitis/sinusitis, conjunctivitis, rattles on auscultation.
- What is otitis media in rabbits?
- A purulent exudate present deep in the ear canal.
- Signs of otitis media.
- Asymptomatic, rhinitis, scratching at ears. If spread to innter ear-ataxia, nystagmus.
- What is nystagmus?
- Eye twitching.
- What is the color of normal rabbit urine?
- Clear to brown.
- What are signs of bladder stones in rabbits.
- Depression, anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, hematuria, straining, urine scale.
- What can be a cause of bladder stones?
- Too much alfalfa hay - too much calcium.
- What other animals are included in the ferret family?
- Weasels, mink, badgers & skunk.
- Are ferrets considered domestic animals in the US?
- No.
- What were ferrets used for in the past?
- Hunters.
- What are ferrets used for in research?
- Toxicology and infectious disease studies.
- What's the average weight of a ferret?
-
Male:400-500 grams
Female:400-600 grams - How long do ferrets live?
- US:4-8yrs. Great Britian:12yrs.
- What's unusual about a ferrets claws?
- They are not retractable. They are used for traction and digging.
- Where does the ferrets smell come from?
- The sebaceous secretion of the skin-it's why descenting doesn't work.
- What part of the GI tract is a ferret missing?
- The cecum.
- When do ferrets molt?
- In the spring and fall.
- Do ferrets have good eyesight?
- No, they rely on hearing & their sense of smell. They are only aware of rapid movements.
- When do ferrets get their true colors?
- At 3 weeks. They can be albino, sable or fitch.
- Can ferrets be litterbox trained?
- Yes, but have multiple ones-they have a short GI time (3-4hours).
- What can you do to "ferret-proof" a house?
- Block off all holes, cover the underside of furniture, avoid access to foreign objects.
- Should you house a ferret next to other rodents?
- No, their smell can cause panic.
- How often should you bathe a ferret?
- Not very often (no more than once a month), it can strip essential oil from the skin and cause pruritis.
- Should you feed ferrets sugary food?
- No, but they love it.
- What do you need to supplement a ferrets diet with?
- Hairball remedy 1-2mls every 2-4 days for nutrition, not hairballs.
- How do restrain a ferret?
- Scruff & suspend in air, distraction. Do not use leather gloves, can't feel well.
- What should be done 1st in a ferrets physical?
- Take their temp.
- How often should a ferret get a physical?
- Annually until 4yrs, then twice a year.
- What vaccines should you give ferrets?
- Distemper every 3-4 wks until 14 mths, then yearly and rabies at 3 mths, then annually.
- When do ferrets hit puberty?
- At 4-8 mths.
- What type of estrous cycles do ferrets have?
- They are seasonally polyestrus (March-Aug.) & are induced ovulators.
- What are male/female/baby ferrets called?
- Hob/Jill/Kits.
- How do you bleed a ferret?
- Often need sedation to do. Lateral saphenous, cephalic veins, jugular veins, anterior vena cava.
- When should you neuter/spay a ferret?
- By 4-6 months, some do it as early as 6-8 weeks.
- How do you descent a ferret?
- Remove their anal glands, usually at 5-6 weeks. Doesn't truly descent them!
- Should you withhold food before putting a ferret under anesthesia?
- Yes, for 4 hours before - but no more than 6 hours.
- What are some signs of canine distemper in ferrets?
- Upper respiratory infection, lesions around mouth & chin, seizures, anorexia, depression & death.
- How is canine distemper (ferrets) transmitted?
- Aerosol, direct contact (nasal/conjunctival exudates, urine, feces, skin, fomites).
- What are some signs of human influenza in ferrets?
- Sneezing, watery eye, nasal discharge, lethargy, anorexia &enteritis.
- How is human influenza (ferrets) transmitted?
- Aerosol. Owner to ferret, ferret to ferret & ferret to owner.
- Is human influenza zoonotic?
- Yes
- What disease are ferrets used to test for?
- Human influenza
- What external parasites affect ferrets?
- Ear mites, sarcoptic mange and fleas.
- What fungal disease do ferrets get?
- Ringworm
- Is heartworm a problem for ferrets?
- Yes, one heartworm can kill a ferret - they are so small.
- Signs of heartworm in a ferret.
- Lethargy, coughing, dyspnea, ascites.
- What 5 factors can predispose ferrets to cancer?
- Genetic influences, early neutering (?), natural photoperiod not obtained, diet, & infectious agents.
- What does a benign tumor look like?
- It's usually a ball, more contained.
- What does a malignant tumor look like?
- "Fingers", they move out to other parts.
- What can lymphoma affect in a ferret?
- Lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, bone, kidney, intestine & skin.
- What are some signs of a mast cell tumor in a ferret?
- Usually involve the skin-raised/hairless tumors, usually unpigmented, ulcerartion may occur.
- How do you treat ferret lymphoma?
- Chemotherapy- prognosis is guarded.
- How do you treat ferret mast cell tumors?
- Surgically remove.
- What is hyperestrogenism in ferrets?
- An increase in estrogen levels, which leads to anemia &/or panleukopenia. Due to continual heat (estrus).
- What area some signs of ferret hyperestrogenism?
- Bilateral alopecia, swollen vulva, weakness, anorexia, depression & pale mucous membranes.
- What is hyperadrenocortism?
- It's caused by cortisol secreted from an adrenal gland tumor.
- What are some signs of ferret hyperadrenocortism?
- Spayed female (4+), seasonally bilateral alopecia, enlarged vulva, +- vulvar dicharge, anemia, occasional pruritis.
- How do you treat hyperadrenocortism?
- Surgical remove tumor.
- What is insulinoma in ferrets?
- Pancreatic tumors screte insulin, which leads to hypoglycemia.
- What are some signs of insulinoma in ferrets?
- Weakness/collapse, depression, paralysis of hind limbs, +- weightloss. They look drunk.
- What are chinchillas used for in research?
- Auditory studies. They are large ears with large bullae allowing access to middle ear. Hearing sensitivity is similar to humans.
- Where do chinchillas come from?
- The Andes Mountains in South America.
- What is unusual about chinchillas' teeth?
- Their incisors grow 2-3 inches a year.
- What are some characteristics of a chinchilla?
- Quiet & shy, agile, usually active during the day, odorless, copraphagic.
- How do you restrain a chinchilla?
- Anticipate jumping, scruff & hold under abdomen, tuck head under arm, use a towel. Don't grab a running chinchilla-can pull off hair.
- What is "fur-slip"?
- When patches of hair and skin slip off the animal.
- What makes chinchilla pellets different from rabbit and guinea pigs?
- It is longer, easier for them to hold in their forepaws.
- What should be offered to chinchillas to help wear down their teeth?
- Pumice stone, small tree branches.
- What should a chinchillas housing consist of?
- Multi-levels, PVS pipes, hide box. Should be made of wire, may chew through wood cage.
- What environment do chinchillas like?
- Less than 50% humidity, temp between 50-68*F. Over 80* can cause heat stroke.
- What is a dust bath?
- Made of ash to remove dirt and oil from coat.
- How do you give a chinchilla a dust bath?
- Put in small pan, leave in cage ~1hr, they will roll around in it.
- How do you sex a chinchilla?
- Anogenital distance is further in males. Females have large urinary papilla (clitoris). Females larger.
- What are chinchilla newborns like?
- Precocious, eyes & ears open at birth, fully furred w/ teeth, walk w/in 1hr after birth, solid w/in 1wk.
- Is is easy to bleed a chinchilla?
- No.
- Where can you obtain blood from a chinchilla?
- Nail clip (sm.amt.), cardiac (terminal), jugular, cephalic, saphenous, vena cava, femoral (blind stick).
- Do you need to fast chinchillas before anesthesia?
- No.
- What can cause conjunctivitis?
- Excessive dust bathing, poor husbandry, contaminated water.
- How do you treat conjunctivitis?
- Restrict dust bath to 15-30mn/day, change type of dust bath, protective ophthalmis ointment.
- What internal parasites can affect chinchillas?
- Cryptosporidium, giardia.
- What causes constipation in chinchillas?
- Diet high in protein w/out adequate roughage, obesity, intestinal obstruction.
- What can you do to treat constipation in chinchillas?
- Increase amt of fiber in diet-gradual addition of fruits & veg, decrease amt of grains or raisin.
- What's the most common reason for a chinchilla to visit a vet?
- Constipation.
- What causes chinchilla diarrhea?
- Inappropriate feeding (over-feeding of fresh grains, poor quality hay, sudden change in diet), stress, bacterial or parasitic infection.
- What does small bowel diarrhea look like?
- Large amounts, less frequent and a bad odor.
- What does large bowel diarrhea look like?
- Smaller amounts, more frequent, may contain mucous or frank blood.
- What is fur-ring?
- Ring of hair around penis & prepuce that eventually stops the penis from retracting into the prepuce.
- What can fur-ring cause?
- Pain, urethral constriction, urine retention, infection, severe damage to penis.
- What are some signs of fur-ring?
- Excessive grooming, produce small frequent amount of urine, straining to urinate.
- How do you treat fur-ring?
- Anesthesia, apply sterile lubricant to area, cut & rool fur-ring off penis.
- What temp can cause heatstroke in a chinchilla?
- Ove 80*, especially is humidity levels are high.
- What are some signs of heatstroke in chinchills?
- Bright pink or red ears & mucous membranes, rectal temp greater than 103*F.
- How do you treat heatstroke?
- Immerse in tepid baths, IV fluids. Avoid putting cages in sunny windows or radiator.