Five Kingdom

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obligate aerobe: An organism that requires oxygen to survive (aerobic metabolism only).
polyp: the cnidarian body plan characterized by a vaselike shape and which is usually adapted for life attached to an underwater surface.
flukes: trematoda, a group of flatworms that have flattened bodies but are not segmented. they are small but deadly. they have life cycles that pass through larval and adult forms. humans usually harbor the adults in specific tissue (like the lung), and aquatic plants and animals often serve as intermediate hosts and harbor the lavae. all flukes require at least one intermediate host, some require a second.
cephalization: concentration of feeding organs, sensors, and neural structures at the anterior end, the part of the body most likely to make first contact with food or threatening stimuli.
chemosynthetic bacteria: Discovered during a dive to Hydrothermal Vents in 1977, Chemosynthetic Bacteria is a very unique organism. These bacteria are the food source for many deep water organisms. Vent communities are completely isolated from other organisms from the marine world.The discovery of chemosynthetic bacteria and the vent communities was as remarkable as finding life on another planet.
fragmentation: a kind of reproduction that occurs when an individual breaks up into pieces, each of which grows into a new individual
family: (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera
class: (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
basidiomycota: comprises fungi bearing the spores on a basidium
asexual spores: another asexual form of reproduction by fungus. these specialized cells do not require the fusion of gametes. these are adapted for dispersal, they travel to a favorable environment and germinate there to produce new thalli.
rhizopoda: An extensive class of Protozoa, including those which have pseudopodia, by means of which they move about and take their food. The principal groups are Lobosa (or Amoebea), Helizoa, Radiolaria, and Foraminifera (or Reticularia)
kingdom fungi: Contains over 100 000 species and has four main groups: molds (zygomycota), sac fungi (ascomycota), club fungi (basidiomycota), and imperfect fungi (deuteromycota)
pharyngeal gill slits: characteristic of both hemichordata and chordata, are used by organisms in feeding. The wall of the pharynx is perforated by up to 200 vertical slits, which are separated by stiffening rods
kingdom: one of seven biological categories: Monera or Protoctista or Plantae or Fungi or Animalia
dorsal hollow nerve cord: a tubular bundle of nerves that lies above the notochord
thermoacidopiles: archaebacteria; lives in hot geysers and needs heat and acid
mother cells: A cell that divides to produce two or more daughter cells.
rotifera: a phylum with specialised organ systems (alimentary cannal [digestive tract])
euglenophyta: [plant-like] Unicellular; photosynthetic: chlorophyll a & b. Have flagella and eyespots (to respond to light—phototaxis)
microsporangia: sporangium that produces spores that give rise to male gametophytes. Microsporangia are notable in spikemosses, and a minority of ferns. In Gymnosperms and Flowering plants, the microsporangium is contained within a pollen grain
gram stain technique: most important and universally used staining technique in the bacteriology laboratory. It is used to distinguish between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which have distinct and consistent differences in their cell walls. Gram-positive cells may become gram negative through mechanical damage, conversion to protoplasts, or aging, in which autolytic enzymes attack the walls.
fruit: the ripened reproductive body of a seed plant
genus: (biology) taxonomic group containing one or more species
carpel, pistil: The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
order: (biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families
phloem: Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant
pupa: an insect in the inactive stage of development (when it is not feeding) intermediate between larva and adult
archaebacteria: bacteria that live under extreme conditions such as: high temperature, high salt content, and low oxygen
convergent evolution: where unclosely related organisms evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments
chrysophyta: [plant-like] Golden algae; most unicellular, some multicellular. Photosynthetic. Golden colored. Covered with tiny scales of silica or calcium carbonate.
cleavages: The series of mitotic cell divisions that produces a blastula from a fertilized ovum. It is the basis of the multicellularity of complex organisms. Also called segmentation.
antipodal cells: Three cells of the embryo sac in angiosperms, found at the end of the embryo away from the point of entry of the pollen tube
extreme halophiles: An organism whose growth is dependent on large amounts (generally more than 10% in solution) of salt (sodium chloride, NaCl).
muscular tail: In Chordates, the tail extends beyond the digestive tract
endosperm: nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo within seeds of flowering plants
ascomycota: a phylum of the fungi kingdom characterized by septate hyphae, asexual reproduction by conidia and sexual reproduction in an ascus containing eight ascospores. Genera of veterinary importance in the phylum are Aspergillus, Penicillium, Sporothrix, Microsporum and Trichophyton.
meiosis: (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
sepals: the first set of floral organs, often green (a ring pf sepals is called a calyx
flatworms: A group of often parasitical worms that have bilateral symmetry, a one opening digestive system, and the beginnings of a brain; tapeworm
conidia: Spores for asexual reproduction in sac fungi
deciduous: (of plants and shrubs) shedding foliage at the end of the growing season
bryophyta: a division of nonflowering plants characterized by rhizoids rather than true roots and having little or no organized vascular tissue and showing alternation of generations between gamete-bearing forms and spore-bearing forms
kingdom protista: Eukaryotic; one celled and many celled; some move; some make own food others obtain it from other organisms
nitrogen-fixing bacteria: they are free-living soil organisms, but some plants have developed an association with bacteria which infect their roots and , in return for sugars from the plant, fix nitrogen which can be used by the plant for growth. The most important belong to the genus Rhizobium, which infects the roots of both trees and herbaceous plants in the bean family (Fabaceae or Leguminosae).
anther: In an angiosperm the terminal pollen sac of a stamen where pollen grains with male gametes form
hypha: any of the threadlike filaments forming the mycelium of a fungus
bacilli: aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium
species: A classificatory group of animals or plants subordinate to a genus.
plasmid: a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication
choanocytes: cells that live in sponges and have flagella that circulate water
medusa: one of two forms that coelenterates take: is the free-swimming sexual stage in the life cycle of a coelenterate and has a gelatinous umbrella-shaped body and tentacles
filament: the stalk of a stamen
arthropoda: Insects, arachnids, crustaceans; segmented bodies; paired, jointed legs; chitinous exoskeleton; open circulatory system; dorsal heart
antheridium: Male reproductive structure in some algae and plants
coniferophyta: Woody plants that bear seeds in cones (the seeds are not enclosed). They have tracheids and well-developed phloem. Both the roots and stems are capable of secondary growth. Fertilization does not require a water source.
obligate anaerobe: An organism that can only survive in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism); oxygen is toxic to obligate anaerobes.
myxomycota: [fungus-like] Slime molds produce large multinucleated masses (plasmodium). Sometimes slime molds have stalks, which grow upwards and spores form (fruiting bodies). Other times they produce gametes, which fuse and produce a diploid zygote to form a multinucleated mass. They are found in moist soil, decaying leaves, or logs in damp forests.
pollen tube: slender tubular outgrown from a pollen grain that penetrates the ovule and releases male gametes
ovary: in the female reproductive system of animals, an organ that produces eggs.
spirochetes: eubacteria; long, swiggly; long flagellas and some can cause syphilis and lyme disease
style: (botany) the narrow elongated part of the pistil between the ovary and the stigma
mycorrhizal: association between a fungus and the roots of a plant.[1] In a mycorrhizal association the fungus may colonize the roots of a host plant either intracellularly or extracellularly.
acrasiomycota (cellular slime molds): cells remain seperated during every phase of the mold's life cycle
nucellus: central part of a plant ovule
tapeworms: Cestodes, a group of flatworms that live in the intestines of animals including humans. their flat segmented bodies consist of 3 parts: the scolex with hooks to attach to the intestinal lining, a neckline germinal center where new segments are formed, and proglottids. hermaphroditic. ex. beef tapeworm
synergids: One of two small cells lying near the egg in the mature embryo sac of a flowering plant.
asexual reproduction: reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
vertebrate chordates: includes the well-known vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals). The vertebrates and hagfishes together comprise the taxon Craniata. The remaining chordates are the tunicates (Urochordata), lancelets (Cephalochordata), and, possibly, some odd extinct groups. With few exceptions, chordates are active animals with bilaterally symmetric bodies that are longitudinally differentiated into head, trunk and tail. The most distinctive morphological features of chordates are the notochord, nerve cord, and visceral clefts and arches.
spirilla: any flagellated aerobic bacteria having a spirally twisted rodlike form
petals: modified leaves which are usually bright in color to attract pollinators.
methanogens: archaebacteria; produces methane and lives in swamps
lichens: Symbiotic organism between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism, symbiotic associations of fungi and algae
platyhelminthes: flatworms (tapeworms, planarians, flukes); bilateral symmetry; central nervous system
sporangiospores: spore produced by fungi: a spore produced by a hollow single- or multicelled organ sporangium in fungi, ferns, and some other plants
ciliophora: class of protozoa having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface during some part of the life cycle
foraminifera: [animal-like] Unicellular. Produce calcareous tests (shells) with pores through which cytoplasmic projections extend.
macrosporangia: A structure that produces one or more megaspores
mollusca: (snails, clams, squids, octopuses) have a soft body that in many species is protected by a hard shell
division: (biology) a group of organisms forming a subdivision of a larger category
sphenophyta: division of primitive spore-bearing vascular plants.
phylogeny: (biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms
eubacteria: known as "true bacteria", largest of the two bacterial kingdoms
micropyle: the opening in the seed coat where the tube grows in order for the 2 sperm nuclei to fertilize the egg
annelida: Segmented worms, earthworms; anus and mouth; closed circulatory system; nervous system; setae-bristle appendages
proglottids: One of the segments of a tapeworm, containing both male and female reproductive organs
karyogamy: The coming together and fusing of cell nuclei, as in fertilization.
budding: reproduction of some unicellular organisms (such as yeasts) by growth and specialization followed by the separation by constriction of a part of the parent
stigma: sticky part of the pistil that captures pollen grains
polar nuclei: Two nuclei, contained within the same cell, that are created from the mitotic division of the megaspore during angiosperm reproduction; unite in the ovule to form a fusion nucleus, which gives rise to endosperm when fertilized
amoebocytes: the "do-all" cells of sponges, moving by means of pseudopodia, they digest and distribute food, transport oxygen, and disposes of waste. they manufacture the fibers that make up a sponges skeleton
endospores: highly heat resistant bacterial structures that are not killed by boiling. the cause of many previously failed attempts at disproving spontaneous generation of microbes. Plant broths usually carry bacterial endospores....but meat broths rarely do.
genera: (biology) taxonomic group containing one or more species
notochord: a flexible rodlike structure that forms the supporting axis of the body in the lowest chordates and lowest vertebrates and in embryos of higher vertebrates
xylem: Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from roots to the rest of the plant.
metamorphosis: the marked and rapid transformation of a larva into an adult that occurs in some animals
double fertilization: unique to angiosperms, term used to describe one sperm fusing with the egg, while the other fuses with two nuclei in the large central cell of the famale gametophyte.
kingdom monera: prokaryotic bacteria and blue-green algae and various primitive pathogens
deuterostomes: Undergoes radial cleavage and the anus forms before the mouth.
dinoflagellata: [plant-like] Unicellular; marine & freshwater. Photosynthetic. 2 flagella. Cell walls w/cellulose.
stamen: The pollen producing reproductive organ of a flower consisting of an anther and filament.
cocci: any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria
tracheophytes: has vascular tissue, and has specialized organs
phylum: (biology) the major taxonomic group of animals and plants
zygomycota: division of fungi having sexually produced zygospores, division of fungi having sexually produced zygospores; a division of the soil fungi consisting of soil saprobes and invertebrate parasites. Organisms may cause human or animal infection in debilitated or highly stressed individuals. In some systems of classification, the Zygomycota are treated as a subdivision, Zygomycotina, which is classified under the division Eumycota.
coenocytic: no cell partitions, "super cell".
osculum: A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled
nematoda: Roundworms. Soil dwellers with pseudocoeloms. Complete digestive tract that extends from mouth → anus. Some are parasites.
kingdom plantae: Multicellular, sessile, cell wall made of cellulose, autotrophic by photosynthesis, aerobic in mitochondria
oomycota: group of filamentous, unicellular protists, physically resembling fungi. They are microscopic, absorptive organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually and are composed of mycelia, or a tube-like vegetative body (all of an organism's mycelia are called its thallus).
deuteromycota: Extremely varied phylum, composed of fungi that are unable to be classified into another phylum
plasmogamy: Fusion of two or more cells or protoplasts without fusion of the nuclei, as occurs in higher terrestrial fungi
pollinators: an animal which spreads pollen <>k
segmentation: (embryology) the repeated division of a fertilised ovum
systematics: Field of biology that deals with the diversity of life. Is usually divided into the two areas of Phylogenetics and Taxonomy.
echinodermata chordata: are a phylum of marine animals found at all ocean depths. Aside from the problematic Arkarua , the first definitive members of the phylum appeared near the start of the Cambrian period, and contains about 7,000 living species, making it the second largest grouping of deuterostomes, after the chordates; they are the largest phylum without freshwater or terrestrial representatives.
cyanobacteria: bacteria from kingdom Eubacteria, which produces its own food and is responsible for the color of the oceans
archegonium: a female sex organ occurring in mosses, ferns, and most gymnosperms
pterophyta: Ferns. "Seedless plants". Among earliest vascular plants to colonize land. Life cycle involves alternation of generation (dominant stage is the sporophyte generation).
facultative anaerobe: An organism that will use oxygen (aerobic metabolism) if it is available, and that can ferment (anaerobic metabolism) if it is not.
mycelium: the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching threadlike hyphae
rhodophyta: Red algae. [phycoerythrin (accessory pigment which masks gree n of chlorophyll and absorb blue & green); no flagellated stages]. Darkness depends on depth in water. Bonnemasnia, eleseria, Plmaria, seaweed.
gametangia: Gamete producing structure in fungi
coelom: a cavity in the mesoderm of an embryo that gives rise in humans to the pleural cavity and pericardial cavity and peritoneal cavity
embryo sac: Female gametophyte of angiosperms, contains egg cell.
gastrovascular cavity: Guts: place where food is digested; Digestive tract
zoomastigophora: A class of protozoa consisting of animal-like flagellates. Its organisms are heterotrophic and have one-to-many flagella. This class includes one superorder, parabasalidea, and six orders: choanoflagellida, kinetoplastida, proteromonadida, retortamonadida, diplomonadida, and oxymonadida.
taxonomy: practice of classifying plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationships
porifera: Sponges; sessile; diploblastic; pores; radial symmetry
kingdom animalia: Aerobic, multicellular, heterotrophic by ingestion, no cell walls, motile through cytoskeletal motors, taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals
chitin: Complex carbohydrate that is main component of fungi cell walls.
vertebrae: backbones that are joined by flexible cartilage and protects a vertebrates spinal cord.
haustoria: specialized absorbing structure of a parasitic plant, such as the rootlike outgrowth of the dodder, that obtains food from a host plant
protostomes: Undergoes spiral cleavage, and the mouth forms before the anus.
phaeophyta: Division of algae, generally brown in colour, with multicellular, branched thalluses. Includes large seaweeds such as Laminaria and Fucus. The brown colour is due to the xanthophylls, fucoxanthin and lutein. Many have laminarin as a food reserve and alginic acid as a wall component.

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