Anth 3
Terms
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- the measurement of different aspects of the body, such as stature and skin
- anthropometry
- a human group defined in terms of sociological, cultural, and linguistic traits
- ethnic group
- Stipulates that body size is larger in colder climates to conserve body temperature
- Bermann's Rule
- Stipulates that in warmer climates, the limbs of the body are longer relative to body size to dissipate body heat
- Allen's Rule
- hole in occipital bone through which the spinal cord attaches to the brain
- foramen magnum
- flattened bony area of the occipital posterior to the foramen magnum, to which neck muscles attach
- nuchal plane
- pair of bones that compose the lateral parts of the pelvis; each is made up of 3 bones that fuse during adolescence
- innominate bones
- where the femur attaches to the pelvis
- acetabulum
- the enlarged inferior end of the femur that forms the top of the knee joint
- femoral condyles
- why bipedalism?
-
-energy efficient compared to knuckle walkers
-ecological influences-travel farther for food so use less energy
-picking food from trees
-mating-look more impressive if standing up - having teeth that are uniform in form, shape and function
- homodont
- tooth array in which different teeth have different forms and functions
- heterodont
- combination of canine and first premolar tetth that form a self-sharpening apparatus
- CP3 Complex
- bony ridges on the skull to which muscles attach
- cranial crests
- Time: Sahelanthropus Tchadensis
- 7.0 - 6.0 MYA
- Time: Orrorin Tugenesis
- 6.0 MYA
- Time: Ardipithecus Ramidus
- 4.4 MYA
- Time: Ardipithecus Kadabba
- 5.8 - 5.2 MYA
- Time: Australopithecus Anamensis
- 4.2 - 3.9 MYA
- Time: Australopithecus Afarensis
- 3.9 - 2.9 MYA
- Time: Australopithecus Garhi
- 2.5 MYA
- Time: Australopithecus Africanus
- 3.5 - <2.0 MYA
- Time: Australopithecus Aethiopicus
- 2.7-2.5 MYA
- Time: Australopithecus Boisei
- 2.3 - 1.2 MYA
- Time: Australopithecus Robustus
- 2.0 - 1.5 MYA
- when meat evolved in the diet
- 1.8 MYA with Homo erectus
- fossilized feces
- coprolites
- Time: Holocene
- 10 kya to now
- Time: Pleistocene
- 1.8 mya - 10 kya
- Time: Pliocene
- 5 mya - 1.8 mya
- Order of the Epochs of the tertiary, starting with the oldest
-
Paleocene
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pliocene
Pleistocene
Holocene - could be the earliest primate and when
- plesiadapiforms in paleocene
- earliest True Primates
- Omomyids and Adapids
- like modern tarsiers; small, insectivores - haplorine ancestor
- omomyids
- like modern lemurs; larger, fruit and leaves - strepsirrhine ancestor
- Adapids
- one of the earliest apes, looks like a monkey without a tail
- proconsul
- Gracile australopiths
- anamensis, afarensus and africanus
- Robust australopiths
- bosei, robustus and aethiopicus
- earliest tool complex, used by australopithecus
- olduwan
- closest relatives to primates
- tree shrews, colugos (flying lemur), then bats
- mineralized remains of a once living organism
- fossil
- systematic accumulation of genetic changes that can be used to estimate the time of divergence between two groups if relative rates are constant and a calibration point from the fossil record is available
- molecular clock
- how do angiosperms help make new niches
- angiosperms evolve in cretaceous, have a seed dispersal with fruits, create primate niches
- earliest anthropoids crome from where, and when
- Fayum, Egypt in the eocene
- Time: Homo habilis/rudolfensis
- 2.3 - 1.8 MYA
- Time: Homo erectus
- 1.8 - 900,000
- Time: Archaic Homo sapiens
- 600,000 - 125,000
- Time: Homo neanderthalensis
- 150,000 - 27,000
- Time: Homo sapiens
- 200,000 - present
- Time: bipedality
- 5 MYA
- Time: Big Brain
- 400,000 ya
- carrying angle called
- valgus angle
- taung baby traits
- biped, less forehead recession than apes, human like canine, adult is size of bonobo, ancestor is A. africanus
- piltdown man
- hoax, jaw from orangutan and cranium from modern human
- Lucy
- 3 ft tall, small brain, A. afarensis
- A. Afarensis
- short ape like arms, long ape like legs, ape like chest, human like pelvis, small brain, no diastema, sub nasal prognathism
- A. Africanus
- small brain, less prognathic, saggital crests,k sexually dimorphic
- A. aethiopicus
- earliest robust, large cranial crests, small brain, very prognathic
- How is homo defined?
- brain larger than 600cc, makes tools, bipeds
- homo habilis
- makes oldowan tools
- homo rudolfensis
- 775cc, same time as habilis, bigger teeth
- oldowan tool types
- stone chopper, hammer, scrapper
- study of fossilization, preservation, modification, and archaeological processes
- taphonomy
- first and only fossil chimp
- just some teeth, 500,000 ya
- are habilis and rudolfensis A or H?
-
A: brain size, sexual dimorphism, arboreality
H: tools, brain size, teeth, bipedal limb proportions - robust diet
- plant corms and tubers and termites
- a. garhi/homo diet
- marrow meat and plants
- homo erectus
- larger cc, thick browridges, strong occipital torus, thick cranial bones, long flat low braincase
- brow ridges AKA
- supra-orbital torus
- homo ergaster
- first hominid outside of africa, same as the earliest homo erectus, oldowan and acheulean tools
- nariokotome boy
- 11 years old, very tall, no arboreal traits, robust bone and muscle attachment
- H. ergaster/erectus language
- small thin spinal cord, not like humans, small vertebral foramen
- acheulean tools
- bifaces, handaxes, picks
- movius line
- no acheulean east of the line
- homo and australopith teeth comparison
- homo is much sharper
- KNM-ER 1808 Homo erectus skeleton
- female with bad bone bleeding disease- proves they took care of each other
- The fossil Nariokotome boy revealed that Homo erectus
- had a very modern postcranial anatomy
- The earliest known Homo species is
- habilis
- Which trait distinguishes early Homo from Australopithecus?
- less facial prognathism and smaller teeth
- Studies of Oldowan tools suggest that they were used primarily for
- removing meat from bones as well as cracking open bones
- The earliest known stone tool industry is called
- Oldowan
- Based on distributions of stone tools and butchered bones, there appear to be three kinds of sites associated with Oldowan tools; home bases, butchering sites, and
- quarrying sites
- Recent interpretations of how early Homo acquired meat would suggest that _______ was a tactic used to acquire meat from large carcasses.
- active scavenging
- Recent evidence shows that Homo erectus had migrated outside Africa by
- 1.7 mya
- Some scientists prefer to call early Homo erectus specimens from Africa by the name ________.
- Homo ergaster
- Homo erectus brain sizes range from _______ to _______ .
- 700 cc, 1200 cc
- A signature characteristic of Homo erectus skulls are
- very large browridges
- The Nariokotome boy is famous because
- it is the most complete Homo erectus skeleton
- Homo erectus is eventually found in all the following places EXCEPT
- North America
- The earliest Homo erectus finds from outside Africa come from
- Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia
- At Ngandong in eastern Java Homo erectus fossils have been dated to as young as
- 80,000 years ago
- The Acheulean stone tool industry is typified by _________.
- hand axes
- From the neck down, Homo erectus most resembles
- modern humans
- The diet of Homo erectus contains more _______ than the diets of previous hominids.
- meat
- Based on analysis of teeth, Homo erectus seems to have developed to maturity
- more rapidly than modern humans
- Classifications based on fossil evidence call human ancestral species _______; classifications based on molecular evidence call them ________.
- hominids, hominins
- The large anterior teeth of apes and hominids compared to modern humans make their faces ____________ compared to modern humans.
- more prognathic
- Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that separates ape dentition from hominid dentition?
- a 2:1:3:3 dental pattern
- Hominids probably first appeared between
- between 10 and 6 million years ago
- Most early hominid fossils come from
- Eastern Africa and Southern Africa
- Which of the following is a possible root hominid for the human line?
- Australopithecus anamensis
- The loss of cranial crests in hominids over represents
- a de-emphasis on heavy chewing
- The Afar Triangle is located in
- Ethiopia
- The earliest species in the genus Australopithecus is
- anamensis
- Which of the following is NOT true of the genus Australopithecus?
- it has a cranial capacity comparable to African apes
- Despite expectations to the contrary, Ardipithecus lived in a(n) _________ environment.
- a forested environment
- The hominid fossil "Lucy" belongs to which Australopithecine species?
- afarensis
- Australopithecus afarensis shows ________ sexual dimorphism.
- extreme
- Australopithecine sexual dimorphism suggests that
- australopithecines lived in multi-male, multi-female groups
- In East Africa, _________ has been associated with stone tools.
- Australopithecus garhi
- The Taung child is a member of which Australopithecine species?
- africanus
- Australopithecines lived between
- 4 and 1.5 million years ago
- The existence of multiple hominid species in the same environments at the same time can best be explained by
- cohabitation
- The earliest archaic Homo sapiens remains in Europe come from _______ and date to about ________ years ago.
- Gran Dolina Spain, 800,000
- Archaic Homo sapiens have cranial capacities in the range of
- 1000-1400 cc
- In Africa archaic Homo sapiens are known to date from around
- 600,000 years
- Archaic Homo sapiens were probably present in Asia by
- 200,000 years ago
- Middle Stone Age stone tool industries differ from earlier stone tools in that
- they used prepared cores
- Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Middle Stone Age tool industries?
- composite tools are the most common tool type
- Some evidence for big game hunting during the Middle Pleistocene come from
- Boxgrove, England
- Neandertals lived from about _______ to ________ years ago.
- 150,000, 27,000
- Neandertals have NOT been found in
- East Asia
- Based on the number of sites found, and the length of time inhabited by Neandertals, the core of the Neandertal range is
- Western Europe
- The traits that distinguish Neandertals show that they were
- cold weather adapted
- Neandertal cranial capacities
- on average exceed those of modern humans
- The "swept back" appearance of Neandertal cheeks is due to
- mid-facial prognathism
- Stable isotope ratios indicate that Neandertals were more reliant on ______ in their diet than modern humans.
- meat
- Archaeological evidence does NOT exist for which of the following Neandertal behaviors?
- personal adornment
- The "lumper's" perspective places greater emphasis on ______ than the "splitters's" perspective.
- interspecies variation
- Which of the following does NOT distinguish anatomically modern Homo sapiens from archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals?
- greater cranial capacity
- _____________ models of human origins rely more heavily on gene flow than other models.
- multiregional
- __________ models predict that modern humans should appear first in Africa.
- replacement
- The presence of a long pubic ramus would suggest a genetic contribution by Neandertals to modern humans if
- a long pelvic ramus is not found in Homo erectus
- The earliest modern human fossils currently known come from
- Herto, Ethiopia
- The earliest cranial remains of anatomically modern humans suggest _______ and post-cranial remains suggest________.
- human-Neandertal mixing, no human-Neandertal mixing
- The presence of anatomically modern Homo sapiens in Australia by 50,000 years ago suggests
- early modern humans used some form of water transportation
- Compared to MSA stone tools, Upper Paleolithic tool technologies
- were more standardized
- Stone tools assemblages from early African sites such as Mumba, Tanzania and Howieson's Poort, South Africa suggest
- that technologies evolved more slowly and over a longer period of time than originally thought
- Comparisons of tooth wear in Neandertals and early modern humans suggest that
- humans exploited a much more varied diet than Neandertals
- The source population for settlement of the Polynesian Islands seems to be
- a mixed Asian and New Guinean population
- The earliest rock art known is in
- Australia
- ___________ is perhaps the most prolific form of symbolic behavior in the Upper Paleolithic.
- personal ornamentation
- Both mtDNA and Y chromosome studies support the hypothesis that
- that the most recent common ancestor can be traced to Africa at about 180,000 years ago
- Comparisons of Neandertal and human DNA have all shown that
- Neandertals probably contributed no genes to modern human populations
- Fossils from __________ provide the best evidence for the multiregional model of human origins.
- Asia and Australia
- At the current time, the bulk of fossil and molecular evidence strongly supports
- neither the multiregional nor the replacement model of human origins
- Identifying the most recent common ancestor of contemporary human populations is difficult because
-
different phylogenetic trees can be constructed from the data
MRCA may or may not be an anatomically modern human
danting must be done as a seperate process and calibrated