ANT test 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
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-traditional explanation
-adaptation to tree living
-prehensile hand adapting to climbing - Aboreal Hypothesis
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-most primates are quadrupedal
-use of all four limbs
-majority are aboreal - Locomotion
- simplified classification primate order includes two major divisions(suborders), what are they?
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prosimians
anthropoids - what is a prosimian?
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lemurs, lorises and traditionally tarsier-probable anthropoid
most primitive primate - Lemurs are from?
- Madagascar, off the coast of Africa
- what is a suborder of anthropoids?
- monkeys, apes, and humans
- these animals have prosimian traits, certain anthropoid features, including biochemical similarities
- tarsiers
- what do anthropoids consist of?
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-new world monkeys
-old world primates including old world monkeys, hominoids, lesser apes, great apes and hominids - these animals are divided into two large groups, new and old world
- monkeys
- these animals are arboreal (trees) quadrupedal and some use prehensile tails
- new world monkeys
- these animals are the most widely distrubuted primate residing in Africa, Asia, and Japan
- Old world monkeys
- these animals live in tropical forests, semiarid deserts, snow-covered areas, and some live on the ground
- Old World monkeys
- characteristics are different from monkeys and have larger body size, absence of a tail, shortened trunks, and more complex behavior
- Hominoids
- they are the smallest "lesser" apes and are brachiation (arm swinging)
- Gibbons and Siamangs
- Great apes include
- Orangutan, Gorillas, and Chimps
- they live in heavily forested areas of Indonesian islands
- Orangutans
- they are the largest primates living in the forests of central africa, exhibit sexual dimorphism, primarily terrestrial, knuckle walking, and vegetarian
- Gorillas
- they are equatorial Africa, knucke walking, omnivores and "termite fish"
- Chimpanzees
- Similar to chimps, but are a subspecies called "pygmy chimpanzee"
- Bonobos
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habitually bipedal hominid
only living species of the family Hominidae - humans
- is learned; not passed through generations, not boilogical, not applied to just humans and the term "cultural primaology" is used
- Primate Cultural Behavior
- when learned behaviour is passed to offspring and a "____ _____" may emerge for a group or species
- Cultural Tradition
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chimp tool use
1)termite fishing
2)leaf sponges
3)hammerstones and platforms are used to crack nuts - Chimpanzee "Cultural" Behavior
- only chimps habiually makes and uses tools, there are regional variations of tools used, and regional dietary preferneces for chimps
- Regional Variation
- have involuntarily learned different alarm calls for paricular predators like snakes, eagles, and leopards
- vervet monkey language skills
- physchologists report that they can learn to interpret visual signs and use then in communication
- Ape language
- Why can't apes learn to speak?
- because of the anatomy of their vocal track and the language related structures in the brain
- attempts to teach chimps to speak failed and experimented with other methods
- Experiments in Primate Communication
- infant chimp taught ASL
- Washoe
- Chimp taught to recognize plastic chips as symbols
- Sara
- a gorilla that learned 500 different ASL signs
- Koko
- chimp that couls use a computer keyboard
- Lana
- study of behavior in free ranging primates from ecological and evolutionary perspective
- Evolution of Behavior
- Evolution of behavior includes the relationships between ___, ___, and _____
- behaviors, the natural environment, and biological traits of species studied
- the relatinship between organisms and all aspects of environment like food resources and predators
- Ecological study of behavior
- subject to natural selection, influenced by genes, and focuses on the ralationship b/t behaviours in the natural environment, and biological traits of the species
- Behavioral ecology
- These are the results of natural selection in specific habitats and is one of he major topics in primate research
- Primate Social Structure
- Factors that influence social structure
- body size, distrubution of resources, and predation
- ____ require fewer claories by weight are better able to retain heat and energy requirements are less
- larger animals
- primates are vulnerable to many types of predators and where this is high, communities are advantageous
- Predation
- distribution of resources includes?
- abundant leaves support large groups, fruits and nuts support smaller groups (tend to be protective of resources)
- many primate societies are organized into ______ hierarchies
- Dominance
- ____ solve major adaptive problems in a "social context", reinforce group integrity, and includes dominance, communication, aggression, affiliation and altruism
- Primate Social Behavior
- raised body hair is an example of ______ response
- autonomic
- _____ communicate emotional states that can be elaborate, complicated, and repatitive. a gorilla slapping his chest is an example
- Displays
- _____ is used often to protect individual or group resources
- agression
- primate groups are associated with a ___ ___ where they remain permenantly
- Home Range
- it's popular within the home range, contains the most resources, and it's the portion defended against intrusion
- core area
- many behaviors minimize violence and reinforce bonds b/t individuals and enhance group stabability
- affiliation and altruism
- social practice common among primates and reinforces social relationships
- grooming
- behaviors that benefit another while posing a risk to oneself
- altruism
- what are the four levels of primate evolution?
- prosimians, anthropoids, hominoids, and hominids
- how far back do the roots of primate order go back?
- to the beginning of placental mammal radiation
- placental mammal radiation began ____ years ago during the ____ epoch which resulted in the ___ ___ ___.
- 65 million; paleocene; earliest primates diverging
- during the Ecocene period the earliest ____ ____ appear of modern aspect. the fossils were found in ___ ___ and ___ and were mostly extinct by the end of ___.
- definite primates; North America and Europe; Ecocene
- some ecocene primates are ancestors of ___ such as ___, and ___ and some are ancestors of ___
- prosimians; lemurs, and lorises; tarsiers
- in the ____ epoch most of the fossils found were "old world ___"
- Oligocene; anthropoids
- Oligocene fossils were primarily found in ___, Egypt, including the genera ___ and ______
- Fayum; Apidium, and Aegyptopithecus
- adipiums are ___ in size near or before the evolutionary divergence of ___ and ___
- small; Old and New
- Aegyptopithecus are ancestral to Old world ___ and ___
- monkeys and hyominiods
- during the ___ epoch there was spectacular ___ radiation. fossils were found in ___, ___, and ___
- Miocene; hominiod; africa, asia and europe
- ___ is the best known genus of the early ___ ___ in Africa.
- Proconsul; early Miocene
- ___ is thge best known form of the European Genus
- Dryopithecus
- ___ forms are the largest varied group of ___ fossil hominiods and ___ is the best known genus
- Asian; Miocene; Sivapithecus
- the miocene hominiods are most derived to be ___ of living forms except ___ may be linked to the orangutan
- ancestors; sivapithecus
- new discoveries show earliest hominiods date back to the end of ___ in the period of __-____
- Miocene; Plio-Pleistocene
- characteristics of a hominid include ___ locomotion, and large ___, and ___ making
- bipedal; brain; tool
- then physiological and behaviorial systems evolve at different rates
- "mosiac evolutionary patterns"
- ___ is the most distinctive human behavior feature made possible by ___
- culture; biology
- paleoanthropologists reconstruct the ___, ___, and ___ of our early ancestors
- anatomy, behavior, and ecology
- the two types of dating methods are ___ and ___
- relative and chronometric
- this type of dating determins only whether an object is older or younger than other objects
- relative
- this type of dating provides an estimate of age in years based on radioactivity decay
- chronometric
- dating technique based on the law of superposition that a lower stratum (layer) is older than a higher stratum
- stratigraphy
- dating technique that applies to buried bones and groundwater seepage. the longer the bones are underground the more ___
- flourine analysis
- uses fossils of better known animals to help date associated hominid remains such as pigs, rodents and baboons
- biostratigraphy
- shifting of the geomagnetic pole, magnetic particles act as ancient compass and point to location of pole when the rock was formed
- paleomagnetism
- provides an estimate of age in actual number of years, most are "radiometric" and based on rate of radioactivity
- chronometric/absolute dating
- heating "resets" clock, volcanic rock in east africa, dates rock - not bone, and is used for old events to age of earth
- potassium/argon (K decays into Ar)
- radiometric method used by archeologists to date organic material (bone, wood) and is relevant for later stages of hominid evolution
- carbon-14
- counts tracks left in crystalline rocks as uranium atoms disintegrate
- fission-track
- fossils are divided into what three categories?
- 1. basal/pre-australopithecus 2. australpithicines; early primative, and later derived 3. early homo
- in what mountainous area, the volcanic material was good for dating and fossils were exposed from erosion?
- the east african rift valley?
- in what area were fossils inbeded in rock material and difficult to date?
- South Africa
- these earliest remains of hominids in chad, africa are about 7 million years old
- basal/pre-australopithecus
- oldest basal hominid of the late Miocene in east africa
- Sahelanthropus tchadensis
- a basal hominid. Genus assigned to early aramis fossils
- ardipithecus ramidus
- there were maybe 8 species of this well known diverse genus in south, central and east africa
- australopithecus
- this female australopithecus was found in hadar. The oldest (2.5 mya) stone tools were also found
- "lucy" australopithecus afarensis
- fossilized hominid of this bipedal species were found in an ancient volcanic bed
- Laetoli
- In east africa, tanzania a deep 25 mile ravine was the site Lous and Mary Leakey conducted excavationd from 1930's -80's
- Olduvai Gorge
- the earlist hominid site discovered in Gorge is ___ years old and contained ____ and ___ ___
- 1.85 million; Australopithecines, and early homo
- the homo habilis were early ____ and are the probable ancestor to ___ ___ an dlived at the same time as _____
- toolmakers; homo sapiens; australopithecus
- the first australopithecine between ___ and ___ was discovered in Taung, Africa. The ___ ___ was under the skull, they walked ___ and had a ___ brain
- apes and humans; foramen magnum; upright; small
- _____ were found at Sterkfontein, Drimolen, and Swartkrans on South Africa, and ___ is difficult
- Australopithicines; dating
- South African Hominid remains were mostly found in ___ caves and the fossils were divided into ___ and ___
- limestone; "robust" and "gracile"
- have small brains, broad heavy face, large premolars and teeth, sagital crest on head, and ate heavier vegetables
- "robust" australopithicines
- smaller teeth, lighter face, australopithicus africanus
- "gracile" australopithicines
- the Plio-Pleistocene Hominids from south and east africa are divided into what four groupings?
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1. basal hominids
2. early primitive australopithicines
3. later more derived australopithicines
4. early homo - three genera, Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Bipedal with primitive feet
- Pre-australopithicicus/basal hominids
- one genus, several species, bipedal, two sets are recognized, one eing anamensis
- early primitive/later more derived australopithicines
- possess a large brain and smaller teeth
- early homo