AP Euro: C10: Renaissance and Discovery: 1-87
Terms
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Ch.10
-describes Renaissance as 'protype of the modern world'
-argues in 14/15 century Italy through revival of ancient learnign, new secular and scientific values began to supplant traditional religious beliefs.
-result, a release o -
Jacob Burckhardt/ "Civilization of the REnaissance in Italy"
#1 Ch.10 -
Ch.10
-took shape within cities of late midieval Italy
-trade-rich cities expanded to
-growth assisted by endemic warfare b/t emperor and pope -
city-states
#2 Ch10 -
ch10
-part of Venice oligarchy, power at patrician sentate of 300
-ruthless judical body, anticipated and suppressed rival groups -
Council of Ten
#3 ch10 -
ch10
-nobles and merchants who traditionally ruled the city
-first of four social groups -
grandi
#4 ch10 -
ch10
-second social group of florance
-emergent newly rich merchants
-capitalists and bankers -
popolo grosso
#5 ch10 -
Ch10
-'little people'
-lower economic class
-1/3 of florence poulation -
popola minuto
#6 ch10 -
ch10
-Cosimo de' Medici; controlled Florence
--tyranny, absolute power, ruler exercises absolute power -
despotism
#7 ch10 -
ch10
-wealthiest Florentine; statesman; controlled city internally from behind scenes-manipulates constitution, elections -
Cosimon de' Medici
# 8 ch10 -
ch10
-council finrst of 6 then of 8 that governed Florence -
Signoria
# 9 ch10 -
ch10
-dominant groups hired strongman to prevent internal social conflict and foreign intrigue from paralyzing cities
-maintain law and order
-given executive, military, judical power
-mandate: permit normal flow of business act -
podesta
#10 ch10 -
ch10
-military brokers that provided merchant armies -
condottieri
#11 ch10 -
ch10
-Kristeller: no particular philosophy or value system but an educational program that concentrated on rhetorical and sound scholarship for their own sake
-was study of Latin and Greek classics and Church fathers -
Humanism
#12 ch10 -
ch10
liberal arts program of study that embraced grammar, rhetorical poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy -
studia humantitatis
#13 ch10 -
ch10
-help form cornerstones of Italian vernacular literature -
Dante/ "Divine Comedy (3 books)"
#14 ch10 -
ch10
-also pioneer of humanists
-100 bawdy tales told by 3 men and 7 women in country retreat form plague
-stinging social commentary and sympathetic look at human behavior
-encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology -
Giovanni Boccaccio/ "Decameron"
#15 ch10 -
ch10
-celebrated ancient Rome,
-fancied personal letters to Cicero, Livy, Virgil and Horace
-classical and christial values exist in his work -
Petrarch/ "Letters to hte Ancient Dead"
#16 ch10 -
ch10
-illustrates that humanist learning not confined to classroom
-pratical guide for nobility at court Urbino; enbodied highest ideals of Italian humanism
-depicts successful courties as one who knew how to integrate knowledge of l -
Baldassare Castiglioe/ "Book of the Courtier"
#17 ch10 -
ch10
-nobelwoman wh oplayed role in cout education and culture
-received fine education; became expert in classical, french/italian language and lit.
-chronical of accomplishments of the great women of history -
Christine de Pisan/ "The City of Ladies"
#18 ch10 -
ch10
-not a formal school, but gathering of influencial Florintine humanists devoted to revival of works of Plate and Neoplationists -
Florentine Academy
#19 ch10 -
ch10
-flattering view of human nature
-distinguished between eternal sphere of being and the perishable world in which humans lived
-human reason beleive dto belong to former -
Platonism
#20 ch10 -
ch10
-platonic influence
-most famous Renaissance statement on anture of huma kind
-introduction to 900 theses intended to serve as basis for a public debate on life important topics
-depict humans as creatures who possesed free -
Pico Della Mirandola/ "The Oration of the Dignity of Man"
#21 ch10 -
ch10
-popular among protestants
-defense of predestination against the advocatd of free will
-exposed document purported to be grant of vast territories made by 4th century emperor -
Lorenzo Valla/ "Donation of Constantine"
#22 ch10 -
ch10
-examples of humanist leadership of the political and culture life -
civic humanism
#23 ch10 -
ch10
-father of Renaissance painting
-painted natural world; still filled woth religious seriousness, work was not abstract and unnatural -
Giotto
#24 ch10 -
ch10
-sculpter; portrayed world more literally and naturaly -
Donatello
#25 ch10 -
ch10
-true master of many skills
-great painter, military engineer, scientific experiments, anatomy, botanist
-mofern machines; convey emotions through facial expressions -
Leonardo Da Vinci/ "Renaissane Man"
#26 ch10 -
ch10
-man of sensitivity and kind
-portrayal of great masters of western philosophy as a virtually perfect example of Renaissance technique
-depicts plato and aristotle surrounded by philosophers and scientists -
Raphael/ "The School of Athens"
#27 ch10 -
ch10
-godlike sculpture; harmony, symmetry, proportion; emotion and dignity
-10,000 ft.; 4 yr. did all himself -
Michelangelo/ "David and Sistine Chapel"
#28 ch10 -
ch10
-maintained internal cooperation adn safety from invasion
-brought Milan and Naples into alliance with Florence-stood for decades against Venice -
1494: Treaty of Lodi
#29 ch10 -
ch10
-convinced most of Florence that the French king's arrival was a long delayed and fully justified divine vengance on their immorality
-revolutionized population and they exiled Piero -
Girolamo Savonarola
#30 ch10 -
ch10
-Ferdinand hoped to expand his kingdom but found himself vulnerable to a French-Italian axis
-created___with Venice, Papal States, Maximilian against French
-set stage for conflict b/t France and Spain -
The Holy League
#31 ch10 -
ch10
-succeeded Alexander VI
-suppressed Borgias and placed conquored lands Romagna under papal juristiction
-_____ b/c he brougt the Renaissance papacy to a peak of military prowess and diplomatic intrigue -
Pope Julius II/ "the warrior pope"
#32 ch10 -
ch10
-humanists Erasmus, witnessed a bullfight in papal palace during visit to Rome
-wrote popular satire called
-described the popes unsuccessful efforts to convence Saint Peter that he was worthy of admission to Heaven -
"Julius Excluded from Heaven"
#33 ch10 -
ch10
-French won it from Italy/Swiss when they invaded a 3rd time
-gave French king control over French clergy in exchange for French recognition of popes superiority over church councils and right to collect annates in France
-compr -
1516: Concordat of Bologna
#34 ch10 -
ch10
-humanist, impressed w/ way Romans rulers and citizens defended land; possesed virtu
-republican ideals
-The Prince -
Niccolo Machiavelli
#35 ch10 -
ch10
-nobility and towns acted in degrees of unity and success by evolving representative assemblies to twart centralization of royal power -
French Estates General
#37 ch10 -
ch10
-rulers demonstrated that the law was their creature
-appointed civil servants whose vision was no longer merely local or regional
-royal ministers/ agents -
corregidores
#38 ch10 -
ch10
salt tax -
gabelle
#39 ch10 -
ch10
10% slaes tax om commercial transactions -
alcabala
#40 ch10 -
ch10
-French kings independently determined year to year after Estates General suspended, was a tax on peasents through assemblies of priviliged classes -
taille
#41 ch10 -
ch10
-developed Frenches strong economy
-independent merchant banker
-also, diplomatic corps, national administrationg during Chales reign -
Jacques Coeur
#42 ch10 -
ch10
-union combinded two kingdoms
-subdue realm, secure borders, military, Christanize Spain
-total control pf Spanish church, overseas exploration -
Ferdinand of Aragon/ Isabella of Castile
#43 ch10 -
ch10
-powerful league of cities and towns that served them against stubborn landowners -
Hermandad
#44 ch10 -
ch10
Isabellas confessor
-ran letter and was key to national agency to monitor converted jews and muslims
-officer of the Inquisition -
Tomas de Torquemada
#45 ch10 -
ch10
converted Jews -
conversos
#46 ch10 -
ch10
converted Muslims -
moriscos
#47 ch10 -
ch10
-following 100 yr war; england internal warfare b/t York and Lancaster -
War of the Roses
#48 ch10 -
ch10
-sanctioned by pasliament; intended to end perversion of english justice by 'over might subjects'; powerful nobles who used intimidation to win favorable verdicts on cases -
Court of the Star Chamber
#49 ch10 -
ch10
-established 7 member electoral college; group functioned as administratvie body
-elected emperor and provided transregional unity
-emperor and german rulers -
1356: Golden Bull
#50 ch10 -
ch10
-control feuding
-7 electors, nonelectoral princes, and represent. from 65 imperial free cities
-imperial diet -
Reichstag
#51 ch10 -
ch10
-created climate favorable to religious and educated reforms
-stimulated by Italian learning
-diverse social backgrounds, devoted religious reforms -
northern humanist
#52 ch10 -
ch10
-invented printing with movable type -
Johann Gutenberg/ printing press
#53 ch10 -
ch10
-most famous northern humainist; educational and religious reformer; tutoring; latin dialogues -
Desiderius Erasmus
#54 ch10 -
ch10
-latin dialogues; intended to teach how to speak and live, manners, language
-published under -
"Colloquies"
#55 ch10 -
ch10
-ancient and contemporary proverbs
-published under
-"leave no stone unterned"
-"where there is smoke there is fire" -
"Adages"
#56 ch10 -
ch10
-Erasmus beliefs
-ethical piety in imataion of Christ -
philosophia Christi
#57 ch10 -
ch10
-Christendoms Bible for over 1000 yr.
-Eramus made improvments on it -
"Vulgate"
#58 ch10 -
ch10
-all Erasmus books on -
"Index of Forbidden Books"
#59 ch10 -
ch10
-father of german humanism
-spent years in Italy and introduced Italian learnign to germany when returned -
Rudolf Agricola
#60 ch10 -
ch10
-knight, gave german humanism a nationalist coloring hostile to non-german cultures, particularly Roman -
Ulrich von Hutten
#61 ch10 -
ch10
-cause that brought von Hutten onto the historical stage and unified reform-minded gernam humanists -
Reuchlin affair
#62 ch10 -
ch10
-english humanist
-Utopia -
Thomas More
#63 ch10 -
ch10
-conservative critism of cntemporary society
-imaginary society based on readon and tolerance that overcame social and political injustice -
Utopia
#64 ch10 -
ch10
-confessor to Isabella and Grand Inquistador-protestant reformation
-enfore religious orthodoxy -
Jimenez de Cisneros
#65 ch10 -
ch10
-sponsor Portugese exploration of African coast-gold trade -
Henry the Navigator
#66 ch10 -
ch10
-opened Portuguese Empire in East when rounded the Cape of Good Hope at tip of Africa -
Bartholomeu Dias
#67 ch10 -
ch10
-reached coast of India, cargo brougt back worth 60 times as much -
Vasco da Gama
#68 ch10 -
ch10
-showed new lands were not the outermost territory of Far East as columbus believed
-mosr on pacific ocean
-with Magella -
Amerigo Vespucci
#69 ch10 -
ch10
-first globe map of world
-showed b/t west coast of Europe and east coast of Asia -
Martin Behaim
#70 ch10 -
ch10
-today latin america
-from central mexico into Yucatan and Guatemala and South America
-earliest civilization the Olmec -
Mesoamerica
#71 ch10 -
ch10
-much of meaoamerica dominated by
-largest urban center
-large cities, immense pyramids, math, astronomy -
Teotihuacan/ Maya
#72 ch10 -
ch10
-subservant people until rebelled
-period of conquest -
Aztecs
#74 ch10 -
ch10
capital of Aztec
-on island in lake -
Tenochtitlan
#75 ch10 -
ch10
-landed on coast of Mexico with 600 men
-opened communication, initally believed to be God
-appease with gifts
-conquored capital -
Hernan Cortes
#76 ch10 -
ch10
-conquered by spanish
-highlands of Peru
-did conquest, several million subjects, build roads, cities, farm, fight -
Incas
#77 ch10 -
ch10
-sailed from Panama and landed of coast South America to campaign Inca Empire -
Francisco Pizarro
#78 ch10 -
ch10
chief of Incas
-killed by Picarro -
Atahualpa
#79 ch10 -
ch10
conquerors -
conquistadors
#80 ch10 -
ch10
one-fifth of mining revenues -
quinto
#81 ch10 -
ch10
persons originally born in Spain -
peninsulares
#82 ch10 -
ch10
persons of Spanish descent born in America -
creoles
#83 ch10 -
ch10
economy produced two major products: food for mining areas and urban and leather goods -
hacienda
#84 ch10 -
ch10
formal grant of the right tothe labor of a specific number of Indians for a time period -
encomiendo
#85 ch10 -
ch10
second labor servitude
-adult male Indians devote certain number of labor days annually to Spanich economic enterprises
-labor tax -
repartimiento
#86 ch10 -
Ch10
-imposed interregional conformity during middle horizon -
Huari-Tiahuanco
#73 ch10