Biology 102 FInaL
Terms
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- Populations
- A group of individuals of the same species occupying a specific area
- Zero population growth
- Births=deaths
- Arithmetic growth
- inccrease in numbers by addition of a set number at a given time
- Exponential Growth
-
the larger the population the greater teh expansion in population size
-the number that will exist depends on the number that does exist .. leads to J-shaped growth - Density (number in a given habitat) dependent factors that can limit growth
-
-Food supply
-shelter(predators;protection)
-pollution - Density independent factors
- weather
- Carrying capacity
- maximum population density of given species that a defined geographical area can sustain over time
- We have "logistic growth" which is..
-
slow start, then exponential growth
-levels off when carrying capacity is reached
-can change with a change in resource availability - R and K strategies
-
"opportunities vs. equilbrial"
-refers to reproductive strategy
-refers also to whether a population is limited by:
Reproductivve rate ("R")
Carrying capacity ("K") - K strategists -Large animals
-
late reproductive age:long gestation
-few offspring, but large so cared for a long time
-high ability to compete
- - Survivorship curve
- age specific survival
- Type I
-
high survivorship until late in life
-typical of large animals - Type II
-
constant drop off
-constant death at all ages - Type III
-
death rate highest
-typical of high repoductive rate things; insects, fish.. - Keystone species
- a species whose absence would bring about a significant change in the community
- Potential Niche
- what would exist in absence of competition
- Intraspecific competition
- individuals of same species (very intense)
- Interspecific competition
- between populations of different species
- Distribution of species
- Tropical rain forest has 6% of lane; and 66% of species.
- Biodiversity
- the diversity of living things
- Species diversity
- the diversity in a given area
- Geographic diversity
- diversity/ distribution in a given area
- Genetic distribution
- distribution of alleles
- Predation
- one organism feeding on a second organism, predator/prey
- Evolutionary "arms race"
- species try to out-smart eachother.. camouflage, mimicry
- Batesian mimicry
- one species evolves to resemble another that has protective traits
- Mullerian mimicry
- several species that have protection against predators come to look like eachother
- Parasitism
- one organism lives on or in a "host" using its tissues for nutrients
- Mutualism
- interaction that is beneficial to both
-
microparasites
macroparsites -
micro-viruses bacteria protists
macro-flatworms, roundworms, insects - commensalism
- one benefits , other unaffected
- endosymbiosis
- symbiosis where a symbiotic organism lives inside of its partner; eukaryotic organelles
- Ecological Succession
- sequential development of a community, starting with a pioneering species and ending with a species that remains in equilibrium. One type of growth succeeds another.
- Primary succession
- begins with a "pioneering species" on a barren habitat (lichens, mosses)
- Secondary succesion
-
starts in a disturbed are (fire, farmed fields)
-area then moves towards recovery
-moves towrd climax - climax community
- a stable community that devvelops at the end of a successionary sequence
- Natural worlds non-living components
-
-energy
-water
-nutrients - Ecosystem
- a self-sustaining community of organism and the physical environment with which they interact. includes biotic (living) and abiotic (non living) factors
- First law of thermodynamics
- energy not created or destroyed; is transformed
- Second law of thermodynamics
-
all transfomations result in lost heat
-energy goes from more ordered to less ordered - Biosphere
-
Sum total of all the placs in which organisms live
-hydrosphere
-lithosphere
-atmosphere - Biome
- A large region of land (a large ecosystem) dominated by a large vegetational formation (climax vegetation) whose boundaries are determined by climate
- Climate affects
-
soil
-type of primary producers
-subsequent distribution of entire ecosystem - Factors that effect climate
-
-tilt of the earth
-circulation cells
-warm air rises at equator, spreads north and south
-ocean currents
-rain shadow - Major biome; Tropical rainforest
-
occurs between 0-20 degrees
-does not grow back when cleared for agriculture
-40 yrs ago rainforest was 2x size of europe.. nonw 1/2 gone 86 acres lost every minute.
-by 2035 most will be gone - Grassland and Savannna
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between rainforest and desert
-more rain than desert, not enough for forest 30- 40 latitude - Desert
-
30ish latitude and polar regions
-determined by percipitaion no temp
-low humidity;hot days;cold nights - Taiga or Northern Coniferous forest
-
-dominted by gymnosperms
-shot seasons; cool summers;cold winters - Tundra
-
"tree-less plain"
-1/4 of eaths surface
-little precipitation, but:
-permafrost (no drainage)
-low evaporation - Estuary
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partially enclosed coastal region where seawater mixes with nutrient-rich freshwater
-constant turnover of nutrients - Millennium ecosystem assesment
- report assembled by 1300 scientists from 95 countries
- millenium conclusion
- "ability of ecosystem to sustain future generations cn no longer take for granted"
- Ozone
-
is O3- filters out UV radiation
-layer occurs in stratosphere - Ozone depletion
-
discoverd in 1985 (although predicted in 1974)
-cause by CFCs, chain reaction; one chhlorine destroys 10,000 ozones - Loss of biodiversity is caused by
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1-habitat destruction, environmental toxins
2-Introduced species
3-over-exploitation - What does biospher do?
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-filters water0
-fertile soil
-pollination
-seed dispersal
-nutrient cycling
-protection from erosion
-protectoin from UV
-medicine
=$33 trillion - Mutation
- is the only way to add new information to a genome
- The "bottleneck effect" is an example of
- genetic drift
- our species (homo sapiens) arose how many years ago?
- 100,000-150,000
- what organisms can photosynthesize?
-
cyanobacteria
green plants
protistan phytoplankton - Gene Flow
-
physical movement of genes or alleles from one population to another
-helps keep separate populations genetically similar. - Genetic Drift
- random change in allele frequencies in a population, brought about by chance alone
-
Phenotype
genotype -
physical (visible) characteristics (domninant allele)
-genetic make up - A ____ consists of a biological_____, or all biotic factors, along with the non living or ______.
- ecosystem, community, abiotic
- Why is it more accurate to define the biosphere as the global ecosystem rather than the global community?
- Because the biosphere contains both biotic and abiotic factors.
- ____ energy is such an important abiotic factor because ______ provides most of the organic fuel and building material for the organisms of most ecosystems
- Solar, photosynthesis
- What is acclimation?
- A gradual, reversible in anatomy or physiology in response to an environmental change.
- Contrast ecological time with evolutionary time.
-
Ecological time- present interactions between organisms and their environment
Evolutionary-term consequences of those interactions in the adaptaions that evolve via natural selection. - What is the relationship between a population and a species.
- A population is a localized subset of a species
- What is the approximate size of earths human population?
- 6 bill
- What causes a populations growth to level off if its behavior approximates the logistic model?
- The population size reaches the environments carrying capacity
- How do the terms opportunistic and equilibrial contrast the key charcteristics of these life history strategies?
-
opportunistic- large number of offspring very rapidly when the evironment arrords a temporary opportunity for exponential growth (small animals )
Equilibrial- population size taht fluctuates only slightly from carrying capacity (larger animals, take care of young) - A communitys feeding relationships of producers and consumers is referred to as the communitys _____ structure
- trophic
- what is the main abiotic factor that distinguises primary from seconday succesion?
- Absence of soil (primary succesion) versus presence of sol (secondary succesion)
- Why is the transfer of energy in an ecosystem referred to as energy flow not enegy cycling?
- because energy passes through an ecosystem entering as sunligh and leaving as heat. It is not recycled within the ecosystem/
- Whay is the main abiotic reservoir for carbon
- the atmospheric stock of CO2
- The ____, small photosynthetic organisms inhabiting the _____ zone of the pelagic zone , provides most of the food for oceanic life.
- photoplankton, photic
- What are three main levels of biodiversity
-
Ecosystem diversityh
species diversity
the gentic diversity of populations - What are the three main causes of the biodiversity crisis?
-
Habitat destruction
introduced species
overexploitation - What is a biodiversity hot spot?
- A relatively small area with a disproportionate number of species
- What is a Biome?
- A large region of lane (ecosystem) dominated by a large vegetational formation ( climax vegetation) whose boundaries are determined by climate.
- What factors effect climate
-
tilt of earth
circulation cells
ocean currents
rain shadow - What does climate affect
-
soil
type of primary producers
subsequent distribution of entire ecosystem - If an organism is described to you as being single celled and embryotic, which kingdom does it most likely belong to?
- Protista
- Agiosperms lack
- seeds
- HOw does nnitrogen get from the atmosphere into the biosphere(living world)
- it is converted to a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria
- What is the benefit to each partner in a mcorrhizal relationship?
- the plant gets soil nutrients; the fungus gets food
- Most forms of life on earth are..
- uni-cellular
- What protiss are multicellular?
- re and brown algae
- What organism is responsible for first producing the oxygen in Earths atmosphere?
- Cynobacteria
- what is the mian what that cells adapt to extremes of temperature
- components of the cell membrane can become more fluid ( in cold) or less fluid (in warm)
- what type of tissue moves sugars arounda plant?
- phloem
- what is the linig between photosynthesis and climate change (global warming)?
- photosynthesis remove CO2 from the atmosphere while combustion of fossilized plants and other organic material reutrns CO2 to the atmosphere after long term storage.