APES 2nd Semester test 2
Terms
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- the pH scale goes from - to --, and is based on this mathematical function
- 0, 14, logarithm
- foods are basic or acidic?
- acidic
- cleaners are basic or acidic?
- basic
- water droplets react with sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide (from---) too form this....
- cars, acid rain
- soils containing these ions can buffer the effects of acid rain
- calcium and magnesium
- metals locked onto clay particles can be detached and washed into water supplies through this process
- cation exchange
- the mountains have very thin, acidic soil which makes them feel the effects of acid rain more. this is because...
- evergreen needles make soils acidic
- when pH goes below -- for earth and -- for water, the environment is being harmed. Normal rain has a pH value of --
- 5.1, 5.5, 5.5
- duration is important to determine the amount of damage done by acid rain. the three levels are
- chronic, subchronic, acute
- in the rainshadow effect, the ---- side of the mountain gets more acid rain
-
rain shadow effect
mtn tops also see a greater effect - this explains the time delay in acid rain. trees can be exposed for a chronic period and then all suddenly die.
- waldsterben effect
- w/o trees, we have more erosion. this is an example of...
- the butterfly, or synergistic, effect
- the most serious effects of acid rain are found in the
- appalachian mtns
- in this, the pH suddenly drops in water and fish die. aluminum is especially bad, irritating gills, suffocating fish, and inhibiting reproduction
- acid shock
- prevention approaches to acid rain include:
-
reducing energy use and increasing efficiency
switching to natural gas
removing sulfur from coal
burning more low sulfur coal
removing sulfur particulates and nitrogen oxides in smokestacks (not actually prevention)
removing nitrogen oxides from vehicle exhaust (not prevention, either) - this coal makes low heat, has less sulfur
- lignite
- this coal has a lot of heat and a lot of sulfur. it is common
- bituminus
- this coal makes a lot of heat, has little sulfur, and is rare and expensive
- anthracite
- this is a platinum plate which breaks down nitrous oxides and is effectivve at an idle or constant velocity
- catalytic converter
-
in this, air is forced through cloth filers. it still lets mercury and lead though (small particles)
it is the most expensive air scrubber - baghouse filters
-
this forces air through water mist and collects particulates
doesn't catch gaseous substances and is not as effective as the bag house filter, but is cheaper - wet scrubber
- this has charged plates to which charged particles in the air are drawn. constant energy source needed. plates must be cleaned and replaced.
- electrostatic precipitator
- a vortex of air throws heavy particles to walls and collects them as clean air funnels to the top. this is not effective on small particles. it is cheap because it requires no replacement parts or electricity.
- cyclone seperator
- air scrubbers are often used in tandem. which two are used together most commonly?
- baghouse and cyclone
- for aquatic systems, one way to counter the effects of acid rain is to add
- lime
- another way to counter acid rain is to introduce this, but if used to excess, can cause algae blooms!
- phosphate ions in fertilizer
- this is what initially enters a waste water treatment facility. it is entirly liquid
- raw effluent
- the first part of primary treatment is a ---- step where a --- screen iis used
- physical, bar
- the second primary treatment is the ----. this room is wider and slower, solids sink to the bottom, while grease is skimmed off the top. air is bubbled through so that ----- stays afloat.
- grit and grease chamber, organic matter
- secondary treatment is a ---- treatment.
- biological
- in secondary treatment, effluent is switched between aerated ---- tanks and --- tanks.
- aerobic, anoxic
- in aerobic tanks, ---- is digested
- nitrogen
- in anoxic tanks, ------ is digested
- phosphorus
- the third stage is a ---- tank called a -----. this is a physical process.
- settling, clarifier
- bod stands for...
- biological oxygen demand
- ---- from the bottom of the ---- is thickened, baked, and used as fertilizer
- sludge, clarifier
- grade b fertilizer is for ---- consumption. it can be used only on grain fields for ----
- animal
- class c fertilizer is not ---. it should only be used on ----.
- thickened or baked, woodlots (areas not for human consumption)
- class A fertilizer is ----. do you need a permit to use it?
- dry pellets, no
- this is an advanced treatment. in it water is forced through fine sand to eliminate extra organic materials
- sand filter
- this is the last required step, in which water is -----. it is bombarded with ------. which kills ----- organisms
- disinfected, uv rays, single celled
- water leaving the plant may still contain --- % original BODs and suspended material, -- % nitrogen, -- % toxic metals.
- 3-5, 50, 30
- this can remove organics, do desalination. removes sediments and phosphates
- activated carbon
- this is when electrically charged plates attract salt for desalination
- electrodialysis
- in this act, states were directed to develop water quality standards establishing water quality goals for interstate water
- water quality act of 1965
- this act provides for a plan to formulate and evaluate water and related land resources projects
- water resources planning act of 1965
- this set standards for pollution levels or limiting emissions or effluents for various classes of pollutants
- federal water pollution control act of 1965
- this regulates the intnetional ocean disposal of materials and authorizes related research
- ocean dumping act of 1972
- this requires the epa to establish national drinking water standards, called maximum contaminant levels, for any pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health
- safe drinking water act of 1974
- this authorizes and modifies projects for navigation, flood control, environmental resotration, rec, hurricane and storm damage recution, ecosystem restoration, shore protection, aquifer storage and recovery, and navigation mitigation
- water resources development act of 1986
- the goals included making all US surgace waters safe for fishing and swimming by 1983 and to restore and maintain the chm, phys, and bio integrity of the nation's waters. the revision requires states to develop and execute plans to control non point poll
- clean water act of 1977
- provides a partial ban on ocean dumping and prohibits the dumping of sewage sludge and industrial waste
- ocean dumping ban act of 1988
- set standards for polllution levels or limiting emissions of effluents for various classes of pollutants based on current tech
- clean air act of 1963
- congress declares that pollution should be prevented, products recycled, and if neither is feasible, it should be taken care of in an environmentally safe manner
- pollution prevention act of 1990
- promotes an environment for all americans free from noise that jeopardizes their health or welfare. to that end, it is the prurpose of this act to establish a means for effective coordination of federal research and activities in noise control, to author
- noise control act of 1965
- this gives the epa input to the federal aviation administration regarding noise and how it affects health. it also calls for a study on how aircraft noise affects health
- quiet communities act of 1978
- the ----- extends 17 km above sea level at the equator and 8 km above sea level at the poles.
- troposphere
- the atmosphere is 78% -- and 21% --
- nitrogen, oxygen
- the ------- extends 17-48 km above earth. it has less ----, but more ----
- stratosphere, water, ozone
- this forms in the troposphere and is very harmful. in the stratosphere, it is helpful.
- photochemical ozone
- VOCs are ----. they include CH4, C2H2, and chloroflourocarbons
- Volatile Organic Compounds
- SPMs are
- Solid Particluate Matter
- these include ozone, aldehydes, peroxyacylnitrates, hydrogen peroxide
- photochemical oxidants
- HAPs are ---- and include CCl4, CH3Cl, ClCl3, C4H6, C2H2, Br2, CH2O2
- Hazardous Air Pollutants
- Brown Air Smog is another term for this, which reaches pick levels around ---
- Photochemical smog, early afternoon
- this is an odorless, colorless gas
- carbon monoxide
- this comes from cigarette smoking and incomplete burning of fossil fuels. 77% of it comes from cars
- carbon monoxide
- this reacts with hemoglobin is red bloood cells to impair perception, slow reflexes, cause headaches, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea. it can trigger heart attacks, angina, damage fetus, aggravate chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and anemia
- carbon monoxide
- this is a reddish brown, irritating gas in photochemical smog. it is part of acid rain
- nitrogen dioxide
- this comes from cars and power plants
- nitrogen dioxide
- this causes lung irritation, aggrvates asthma, bronchitis, and increases susceptibility to flu and colds
- nitrogen dioxide
- This decreases visibility and is in acid deposition. it corrodes metals, stone, and fabrics
- nitrogen dioxide
- this is a colourless, irritating gas from coal and oil. it's also in acid deposition
- sulfur dioxide
- this can cause breathing problems and asthma, as well as decreasing visibility, corroding metals, stone, paint, paper, and leather
- sulfur dioxide
- this is a highly reactive, irritating gas with odor. it is also called photochemical ----
- ozone, smog
- this comes from cars and industries, can cause breathing problems, astham, broncitis, emphysema, colds, pneumonia, and increased lung aging. it decreased visibility and kills plants and trees. it also destroys rubber, fabric, and paints
- ozone
- this is a solid toxic metal and its comonoent parts originating in paint, smelters, stoage batteries, and some gas
- lead
- this accumulates in the body, brian, and nervous system, causing mental retardation, digestive problems, and cancer.
- lead
- sulfur diozide, sulfuric acid droplets, and susptended aerosols all combine to form
- industrial smog
- industrial smog is also known as ----
- gray air smog
- the frequency and severity of smog depend on --
- local climate and topography, population density, amount of industry, fuels used in industry, heating, and transport
- this can be reduced by rain and snow, winds, and increased by urban buildings, hills and mtns, high temps
- industrial smog
- this is one trillionth of a curie, the amnt of radiation emitted by 1g of radium
- picocurie
- this is when large warm air masses move in at high altitude, float over cold hair near ground, and doesn't last long
- subsidence temp inversion
- this happens at night, air near ground cools first, this dissapears by noon
- radiation temp inversion
- temperature inversions typically occur in places with....
- a valley surrounded by mtns, cold cloudy weather for part of the year
- the three most dangerous indoor pollutants are...
- cigarette smoke, formaldehyde, and radioactive radon 222 gas
- this comes from furniture, drapes, upholstery, adhesives, insulation, nail hardener and wrinkle free coating on clothes
- formaldehyde
- this comes into houses from natural sources in the earth through cracks in the foundation, walls, and openings in sump pumps, drains, and hollow concrete blocks
- radon
- this is a fibrous form of silicate minderals
- asbestos
- this is a chronic illness which makes breathing difficult
- asbestosis
- air pollution erodes, discolors,and soils this
- stone and concrete
- air pollution corrodes, tarnishes, and decreases the strength of this
- metal
- air pollution causes surgace erosion in this
- ceramics/ glass
- air pollution causes doscolaration, soiling, and serface erosion of this
- paint
- air pollution embrittles and discolors this
- paper
- air pollution cracks and lessens the strength of this
- rubber
- air pollution causes surface deterioration and less strength in this
- leather
- air pollition causes surfacing deterioration, fading, and soiling in this
- textiles
- this has a command and control approach. the EPA sets regs, enforced by the city and state
- clean air acts
- these are criteria for primary standards (relating to---), secondary standards (relating to---), attainment areas and non attainment areas
- national ambient air quality stndards, people, envionment and property
- There is no ocean dumping ban for this
- dredge spoils
- The --- zone includes fungus, sludge worms, and anaerobic bacteria
- septic zone
- Most oil pollution in the ocean is caused by this
- runoff from land
- These cause a high BOD
- organic wastes
- This is not a greenhouse gas, but it is in acid rain.
- sulfur dioxide
- Since 1860, mean global temperature has risen --- to --- degrees celcius
- .3, .6
- Melting polar ice would lessen the ---, releasing ---- gas from polar ice melt and balancing ----
- albedo, methane, global warming
- These make the US about n1 degree celsius cooler than it would otherwise be
- hydrocarbon emission
- This is not! a technofix
- DISPERSING METHANE FROM LANDFILLS
- This is the most effective band at blocking UV rays
- UVC
- these are not used in fire extinguishers
- CFCs
- these don't eat ozone
- PCBs
- this does not come from ozone
- heart disease
- global temperature change occurs in -- scales. the first being every 900,000 years, followed by every 22,000 years, followed by
- 4, 1000, 130
- ice ages last this many years
- 100,000
- interglacial periods last how long
- 10,000-12,500 years
- past temp changes can be estimated using these 7 things
-
plankton, isotopes in deep ocean sediments
ice cores
temperature at different depths in earth's core
pollen in lake bottoms and bogs
tree rings
historical records
temperature measurements (since 1860) - the greenhouse effect warms what?
- the lower troposphere and earth
- the greenhouse effect is also known as the...
- tropospheric heating effect
- natural cooling processes include
- water, clouds, heat released higher in atmosphere
- without the greenhouse effect, earth's temp would be ---. as it is, its ---
- 0 fahrenheit, 59 fahrenheit
- greenhouse gases include water vapor and carbon dioxide, along with
- methane, N2O, CFCs, SF6, SF5CF3
- this gas comes from burning fossil fuels, especially coal, along with deforestation and plant burning
- carbon dioxide
- this fas spends about 50 to 500 years in the troposphere
- carbon dioxide
- this gas's relative warming potential is 1
- carbon dioxide
- this gas comes from rice paddies, guts of cattle and termites, landfills, coal production, coal seams, and natural gas leaks
- methane
- this gas lasts 9-15 years in the troposphere
- methane
- this gas's relative warming potential is 24
- methane
- this gas comes from fossil fuels, fertilizer, livestock waste, and nylon productions
- nitrous oxide
- this gas stays in the troposphere 120 years
- nitrous oxide
- this gas has a relative warming potential of 360
- nitrous oxide
- these come from air conidtioning, fridges, and plastic foams
- CFCs
- these last 11-20 years in the troposphere
- CFCs
- these last 65-110 years in the stratosphere
- CFCs
- these have a relative warming potential of 1500-7000
- CFCs
- thes are being phased out, but it will take about 50-100 years for the ozone to recover from their use
- CFCs
- this gaslasts about 1000 years in the troposphere
- SF5CF3
- this gas has a relative warming potential of 18000
- SF5CF3
- these human activities increase ozone depletion
- increasing use of fossil fuels, deforestation, cultivation of rice paddies, and use of inorganic fertilizer
- this is an enhanced greenhouse effect
- global warming
- the 20th century is the hottest in the past ----years
- 1000
- rapid climate change effects these things...
- availability of water, where crops can be grown, average sea levels, structure and locale of biomes
- mathematical models on supercomputers are used to forecast these are also called--- models
- general circulation
- these models are more complete and include interactions between atmosphere and ocean, change in solar input, aerosol input, cloudiness
- ocean circulation models
- ozone depletion takes place here
- stratosphere
- the major substances involved in global warming are
- carbon diozide, methane, nitrous oxide
- the major substance involved in ozone depletion are
- ozone, O2, and CFCs
- global warming's interation with radiation is
- it absorbes infrared radiation and release energy into lower troposphere
- ozone depletion's interaction with radiation is that
- 95% of uv rays are absorbed by the ozone
- the major problem with ozone depletion is that
- uv rays hit the stratosphere, ozone is pleted, and more uv radiation reaches earth
- the consequences of global warming include
- change in climate, agriculture, water, sea level
- consequences of ozone depletion include
- increases in cancer, cataracts, immune system suppression, crop and phytoplankton damage
- GCMs do what...
- divide the earth into 100 km wide by 3 km high boxes which began with initial conditions of temps, air pressure, wind speed, and water and carbon dioxide concentrations
- sunspot cycles are how long? and how much does solar output vary?
- 18-22 year cycles, varies by .1%
- this is the reflectivity of incoming solar energy. it varies differently in different parts of the earth. a higher number means more reflectivity
- albedo
- oceans remove 29% of excess ---
- carbon dioxide
- aerosols are more involved in what than what?
- acid deposition than global warming
- if ocean currents change, the biggest effects wiill be seen in...
- northern europe and japan
- these are prevention methods
- cut fossil fuels, switching from coal to natural gas, giving energy efficiency and renewable tech to developing countries, increase energy efficiency, switching to renewable energy resources, decreasing deforestation, using sustainable agriculture, slowing population growth
- these are cleanup methods
-
romving carbon dioxide from smokestack and vehicle emissions
stoer (sequester by planting trees or underground or in deep ocean) - this removes carbon diozide from the air and puts it in the soil
- switchgrass
- technofixes include
- adding iron to the ocean to increase marine algaie, using foil sun mirrors in space, releasing reflective helium balloons into the atmosphere, fire s2o molecules into the stratosphere which would turn the sky white and increase ozone depletion
- these were invented in 1930 along with freons
- chloroflourocarbons
- these were coolants, aerosols, cleaners, sterilants, fumigants, bubles in plastic foam
- CFCs
- this is a catalyst in breaking ozone into seperate oxygen molecules
- chlorine
- ODCs are--- and include----
-
ozone depleting compounds
jalons, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, hydrogen chloride - these come in fire extinguishers
- halons
- this is in fumigants
- methyl bromide
- this is a solvent
- carbon tetrachloride
- this is a cleaning solvent and propellant in aerosols
- methyl chloroform
- these take 11-20 years to hit the stratosphere
- CFCs
- there is no ozone hole, instead
- ozone thinning
- ozone depletion varies with
- altitude and location
- polar vortexs occur in
- winter
- this causes immunte system suppression, acid rain, eye burning photochemical smog, and fewer crops
- uv exposure
- this is the longest wavelength uv ray, has low energy it causes...
- UVA, sking aging, tanning, sunbrun, cancer
- this is the short wavelength, high energy uv ray, it causes....
- UVB, sunburn, aging, wrinkling, basal and squamous cell carcinomas and plays a role in malignant melanoma
- this is from cells in the upper layer of the epidermis. it's caused by sun or tanning. it's treatable early and grows faster than basal cell and can metastasize
- squamous cell carcinoma
- this is the most common skin cancer. comes from sun or tanning. it is slow growing, rarely metastasizes, and is almost 100% curable
- basal cell carcinoma
- this is the deadliest skin cancer. originates in these cells, which make pigment. it grows fast and metastasizes
- melanoma, melanocytes
- alternatives to methyl bromide for use in fumigants include
- benzaldehyde (from fruit), and diatomaceous earth (insects)
- these break down faster than CFCs, less danger to the ozone. can be used in aerosols, fridges, AC, foam, and cleaners.
- hydrochloroflourocarbons
- these are a greenhouse gas, have unknown health effects, are expensive, are less energy efficient than CFCs, and degrade to TFA
- HFCs
- these break down fast, don't contain chlorine, can be used in aerosols, AC, fridges, and foam
- hydrofluorcarbons
- these are a greenhouse gas, expensive, may be toxic or flammable, TFA, less energy efficiency, and deplete the ozone
- HFCs
- these include propane and butane
- hydrocarbons
- these are cheap, readily available, and can be used in fridges, aerosol, foam, cleaners, not patentable, can be made locally
- hydrocarbons
- these are flammable, poisonous, and increase ground level air pollution
- hydrocarbons
- this is an alternative for fridges and was used before CFCs
- ammonia
- this is toxic and must be handled very carefully
- ammonia
- these can be used in cleaning sterilizing
- water and steam
- these come from lemon and other citrus rinds
- terpenes
- these clean electronic parts and have no cons
- terpenes
- this is a coolant for fridges, freezers, and AC, the only probs are that it's a rare gas and may become scarce
- aclium
- water covers--- of the earth's surface
- 71%
- water's unique properties come mainly from its
- strong attractive forces (H bonds)
- water filters out
- uv radiation
- water's high surface tension means that
- insects can walk on it and it allows the capillary action in plants
- only this much freshwater is easily available
- .014%
- this is precip that doesn't evap and flows into streams, lakes, wetlands, reservoirs
- surface runoff
- this is water in voids (pores, fractures, crevices, etc.) in soil and rock
- groundwater
- this is where grounwater has completely filled these voids above bedrock
- zone of saturation
- this is on top of the zone of saturation, it falls in dry weather and rises in wet
- water table
- this is an unsaturated zone lying above water table. the soil is moist
- zone of aeration
- these are porous, water saturated layers of sand, gravel, and bedrock through which groundwater flows
- aquifers
- this is land through which water passes downward or laterally into an aquifer
- natural recharge
- these are like long, elongated, sponges
- aquifers
- discharge areas
- well, spring, lake, geyser, stream, ocean
- withdrawals from aquifers are considered
- water mining
- these are aquifers with a water table
- unconfined aquifer
- these are bounded above and below by less permeable beds of rock. groundwater is combined under pressure
- confined aquifer
- in the eastern us, most water is used for
- ENERGY production, cooling, manugacturing
- in west us, most water is used for
- irrigation
- water porblems in the east are
- flooding, urban shortages, and pollution
- in the west, water problems are
- lack runoff caused by low precip, increased evap, recurring long droughts
- the west undergoes ---- every 30 years
- prolonged drought cycle
- the four causes of water scarcity are
- dry climate, drought, dessication, and water stress
- a drought is
- a period of 21 days or more when precip is 70% lower and evap is higher than normal
- this is the drying of soil due to deforestation and overgrazing
- dessication
- this is when per capita availability of water decreases because there are more people and less runoffq
- water stress
- water is considered stress when
- reliable runoff/ person drops to below 1700 cubic meters
- 5 ways to increase freshwater supplies
-
build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bring in surface water from another area
withdraw groundwater
desalination
increase efficiency of water use - the aral sea is getting saltier! water diversion to irrigate all of russia leads to
-
higher infant mortality
tuberculosis
anemia
repiratry illness
eye diseases
throat cancer
kidney and liver disease
arthritic diseases
typhoid
hepatitis -
this can cause/ intensify:
water table lowering
aquifer depletion
aquifer subsidence
intrusion of salt water into aquifers
drawing chemical contamination in groundwater toward wells
reduced stream flow - overuse of ground water
- this is the sinking of land when groundwater is withdrawn
- subsidence
- groundwater in the US is being withdrawn at ---x the replacement rate
- 4
- ways to desalinate!
- distillation, reverse osmosis
- cloud seeding is done with
- silver iodide
- in this sort of irrigation system, water comes frmo aqueduct systems or nearby rivers and has 60-80% efficiency with surge aclves
- gravity flow
- this has 90-95% efficiency and uses above or below ground pipes to deliver water to individual plant roots
- drip irrigation
- these use less energy and less water
- low energy precision application (LEPA) sprinklers
- this system of water management is used mainly in the East
- doctrine of riparian rights
- this water management system is used primarily in the west
- principal of prior appropriation
- concerning water, common law states that
- subsurface water belongs to whoever holds land above water. landowners can withdraw as much water as they like
- these send water in pulses instead of strams
- surge, time controlled valves
- these water crops only when they need it and uses gypsum to tell
- soil moisture detectors
- ways to reduce water waste in irrigation include
- lining the canals bringing water, leveling fields with lasers, irrigating at night, using soil and satellite systems, polyculture, organic farming, water efficient crops, irrigate with treated urban waste water, immport water heavy things from other places
- these are lawn replacements using vegetation adapted to dry climates
- xeriscaping
- which wastes more water, washing machines loading from the front or the top?
- top!
- this us city uses more water per person than anywhere else in the world
- las vegas
- flood frequency curves tell--
- not when, but how often a flood of a certain size occurs in a particular area
- floodplain management utilizes
- flood frequency curves
- these include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasitic worms
- infectious agents
- infectious agents come from
- human and animal waste
- infectious agents cause...
- disease!
- these include organic waste
- oxygen demanding wastes
- these include animal maure and plant debris
- organic waste
- this comes from sewage, animal feedlots, paper mills, food processing facilities
- oxygen demanding wastes
- these casue large bacteria popltns which deplete dissolved ozygen in water and kiss fish
- oxygen demanding wastes