World History review
Terms
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- What were the 95 Theses?
- Martin Luther nailed the 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenburg to protest the activities of the priests (particularly the selling of indulgences) in the Catholic Church
- Magna Carta
- 1215 - agreement signed between John I and the English barons that prevented the King from imposing heavy taxes and increased freedom
- predestination
- idea promoted by John Calvin that God knew before time who would receive salvation
- What is nationalism?
- The belief that allegiance should be given to the nation rather than to the church or competing nations
- What is a "renaissance man"?
- Someone who is talented and knowledgeable in a variety of areas; Leonardo da Vinci is considered to be the first "renaissance man"
- What is the Treaty of Westphalia?
- The Treaty that ended the Hundred Years War and effectively ended the Holy Roman Empire; the treaty strengthened France and weakened Germany and Spain
- What is The Prince?
- A political treatise written by Machiavelli that outlined his belief that the government is best able to decide what is best for the majority of the people
- What is an astrolabe?
- An instrument invented during the Age of Discovery that allowed sailors to use the stars to navigate
- What was the Renaissance?
- A "rebirth" in arts and literature centered in Florence, Italy that eventually spread throughout Europe
- What was the Reformation?
- The movement begun by Luther to reform the Catholic Church; created Lutherans and other protestant denominations
- manor
- a small estate from which a lord's family gained its livelihood
- fief
- piece of land given to a vassal by a lord in return for protection
- chivalry
- a code of honor that a knight aid the poor, defend the weak, and fight bravely for his three masters: the feudal lord, his heavenly Lord, and his lady
- lord
- in feudalism, the person (vassal) who makes a grant of land to another person
- serf
- a person bound to a manor and owed duties to the lord of the manor
- missi dominici
- Royal agents of Charlemagne, who checked on the ruling counts
- caravel
- small ship developed in the 1400s with triangular sails; used first by Portuguese and allowed sailing faster and farther
- geocentric theory
- the belief that the earth was the center of the universe and the planets and sun orbited around the earth; favored by the Catholic Church
- heliocentric theory
- belief that the sun is the center of the universe and the planets revolve around the sun; proven by Copernicus and Galileo; angered the Church
- Scientific Revolution
- 1500s and 1600s; new ideas about the universe by using observation (Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, etc.)
- guillotine
- machine used to behead during French Revolution
- journeyman
- a person who, after completing an apprenticeship, works at a craft for wages under the supervision of a master
- troubadour
- In the Middle Ages, a poet and musician who traveled around and entertained people with songs about chivalry
- craft guild
- an association of people who work at the same occupation
- investiture
- a feudal ceremony in which a vassal receives land or a bishop takes office
- knight
- an armored warrior who fought on horseback
- apprentice
- a person who is learning a trade or craft from a master and who works without pay except for his keep
- peasant
- a poor farmer, not one in the noble class
- constitutional monarchy
- a type of government based on a written or unwritten constitution, but with a king or queen as head of state and a parliament as the legislature
- icon
- a small piece of religious art
- feudalism
- a political and military system based on the holding of land
- divine right
- the idea that rulers receive their authority directly from God and are answerable only to God
- bourgeoisie
- In medieval France, people who lived in burghs (towns) rather than in rural areas; Marx said they were the factory-owning middle class
- humanism
- emphasis on humanity rather than the divine; displayed in artwork throughout the Renaissance (hands, realistic portraits)
- absolutism
- a government in which the ruler's power is final
- "priesthood of all believers"
- the idea that every person can communicate directly with God, rather than only the Pope (Luther)
- Bastille
- the prison that was stormed during the French Revolution
- clergy
- priests and ministers in the church
- habeas corpus
- "present the body" - a democratic right that a person cannot be held captive without being told the evidence for holding him
- indulgences
- payment to priests in order to lessen time in Purgatory or other religious favor
- balance of power
- a political and military strategy where small nations may join together to offset the power of a stronger nation
- Joan of Arc
- young woman who led the French at Orleans and kept France from falling to British rule; later burned at the stake
- Machiavelli
- wrote The Prince during the Renaissance
- John Calvin
- Swiss protestant reformer; promoted predestination
- Magellan
- explorer; his expedition successfully circumnavigated the earth
- Copernicus
- proved the heliocentric theory, published book on the Revolutions of the Heavenly bodies
- Cardinal Richelieu
- Catholic who "ruled" France during the Thirty Years War;
- John I
- signed the Magna Carta in 1215
- Michelangelo
- painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, sculpted David
- Johannes Gutenberg
- invented the printing press; movable type
- Martin Luther
- posted 95 Theses on the church door in Wittenberg, began Protestant Reformation
- Henry the Navigator
- Portugeuse navigator who trained explorers and sailors; explored coasts of Africa
- Galileo
- perfected telescope; proved heliocentric theory, but backed down before the Church
- Baldassare Castiglione
- wrote The Courtier, a "how to" book for courtiers in the Renaissance
- Leonardo da Vinci
- first "renaissance man"; painted Mona Lisa; conducted experiments on flying machines and human anatomy
- Johann Tetzel
- priest who prompted Luther to post the 95 Theses after his practice of taking advantage of people through the selling of indulgences
- Henry VIII
- began Church of England after the Pope refused to grant his divorce; married six times
- Christopher Columbus
- "discovered" America looking for passage to India
- Marco Polo
- explored China and served in the court of Genghis Khan; wrote book that prompted exploration by Columbus and others