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Anthropology Unit 2

Terms

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Morphology
form of an anatomical structure (size, shape)
"Primitive" traits
traits or a combination of traits present in an ancestral form
"Specialized" of derived traits
evolved for a particular function; not present in the ancestor
Dietary Plasticity
primates eat a highly varied diet and their teeth reflect this adaptive versatility
Arboreal hypothesis
primate traits such as grasping hands and binocular vision were adaptations to life in the trees
Paleocene
proto-primates (65-55 mya)
Eocene
prosimian-like primates (55 to 34 mya)
Oligocene
1st anthropids (34 to 23 mya)
Miocene
hominids widespread (23 to 5 mya)
Pliocene
hominids (5 to 2 mya)
When did lemurs arrive in Madagascar?
about 40 million years ago
What are the 4 traits that make primates unique?
1. Arboreal Adaptation
2.Dietary plasticity
3.Parental investment
4.Specializations of the brain


Order of epochs:
1. paleocene
2. eocene
3. oligocene
4. miocene
5. pliocene



Plesiadapdiformes
found in n. america, europe, asia, and possibly africa. Potentially related but was more rodent like.
Euprimates
first true primates, ancestors to modern prosimians
Adapids
related to modern lemurs
Omomyids
related to modern tarsiers
oligopithicids
earliest anthropoids
parapithecids
nwm, ancestor of platyrrhines; migrated from africa to south america
propliopithecids
owm, apes, and humans; ancestor of catarrhines
aegyptopithicus
earliest catarrhine; last common ancestor of owm, apes, and humans
Miocene Asian apes
sivapithicus, khoratopithecus; gigantopithecus
Miocene european apes
dryopithicus, oreopithicus
When did apes and monkeys split
25 million years ago
When did the greater and lesser apes split?
18 million years ago
Prosimians
suborder; rely heavily on sense of smell; rhinarium; nails and claws; nocturnal; tooth comb
Lemuriformes
infraorder; madagascar; herbivores and insectivores; arboreal; vertical climbers and leapers and quadrupeds
Lorisiformes
infraorder; india, asia, and africa; herbivores and insectivores; nocturnal; slow-moving quadruped
Tarisiformes
Infraorder; se asian islands; vcl; nocturnal; 180 head turn; no rhinarium or tooth comb; grooming claws; carnivorous
Anthropodia
suborder;larger brains and bodies; sexually dimorphic; fewer teeth; complete eye rotation; long gestation periods; complex social systems
Platyrrhines
infraorder; central and south america; diurnal; dental 2133
atelids
family; largest nwm; enlarged voice boxes; dental 2133; fruit and leaves; prehensile tails
cebids
family; insectivores and gummivores; dental 2132, nocturnal; prehensile tail
Catyrrhines
infraorder; owm, apes, and humans; dental 2123; butt cushions
Cercopiths
family; eat almost anything; cheek pouches; terrestrial; Savannas of e. africa
Colobines
sub-family; eat leaves; complex stomach for digestion; arboreal
Hominids
superfamily; no tail; larger body size; suspensory locomotion shoulder, knuckle walking
Hylobatidae
family; se asia; arboreal, frugivorous
Pongidae
family; se asia; frugivores; sexually dimorphic
Pongo
orangutan; man of the forest; borneo, sumatra; frugivores
Gorilla
Mountains of eastern africa, lowlands of western africa; terrestrial knuclewalkers
Pan troglogytes
chimpanzees; equatorial africa; 98.5% dna shared with humans; omnivorous; arboreal quadrupedal and suspensory; terrestrial quadrupedal knucklewalking; tool use
Pan paniscus
bonobos; democratic republic of congo; swampy equatorial forests; most bipedal species of ape; slender with muscle definition; overt sexuality

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