Anthropology Unit 2
Terms
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- Morphology
- form of an anatomical structure (size, shape)
- "Primitive" traits
- traits or a combination of traits present in an ancestral form
- "Specialized" of derived traits
- evolved for a particular function; not present in the ancestor
- Dietary Plasticity
- primates eat a highly varied diet and their teeth reflect this adaptive versatility
- Arboreal hypothesis
- primate traits such as grasping hands and binocular vision were adaptations to life in the trees
- Paleocene
- proto-primates (65-55 mya)
- Eocene
- prosimian-like primates (55 to 34 mya)
- Oligocene
- 1st anthropids (34 to 23 mya)
- Miocene
- hominids widespread (23 to 5 mya)
- Pliocene
- hominids (5 to 2 mya)
- When did lemurs arrive in Madagascar?
- about 40 million years ago
- What are the 4 traits that make primates unique?
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1. Arboreal Adaptation
2.Dietary plasticity
3.Parental investment
4.Specializations of the brain - Order of epochs:
-
1. paleocene
2. eocene
3. oligocene
4. miocene
5. pliocene - Plesiadapdiformes
- found in n. america, europe, asia, and possibly africa. Potentially related but was more rodent like.
- Euprimates
- first true primates, ancestors to modern prosimians
- Adapids
- related to modern lemurs
- Omomyids
- related to modern tarsiers
- oligopithicids
- earliest anthropoids
- parapithecids
- nwm, ancestor of platyrrhines; migrated from africa to south america
- propliopithecids
- owm, apes, and humans; ancestor of catarrhines
- aegyptopithicus
- earliest catarrhine; last common ancestor of owm, apes, and humans
- Miocene Asian apes
- sivapithicus, khoratopithecus; gigantopithecus
- Miocene european apes
- dryopithicus, oreopithicus
- When did apes and monkeys split
- 25 million years ago
- When did the greater and lesser apes split?
- 18 million years ago
- Prosimians
- suborder; rely heavily on sense of smell; rhinarium; nails and claws; nocturnal; tooth comb
- Lemuriformes
- infraorder; madagascar; herbivores and insectivores; arboreal; vertical climbers and leapers and quadrupeds
- Lorisiformes
- infraorder; india, asia, and africa; herbivores and insectivores; nocturnal; slow-moving quadruped
- Tarisiformes
- Infraorder; se asian islands; vcl; nocturnal; 180 head turn; no rhinarium or tooth comb; grooming claws; carnivorous
- Anthropodia
- suborder;larger brains and bodies; sexually dimorphic; fewer teeth; complete eye rotation; long gestation periods; complex social systems
- Platyrrhines
- infraorder; central and south america; diurnal; dental 2133
- atelids
- family; largest nwm; enlarged voice boxes; dental 2133; fruit and leaves; prehensile tails
- cebids
- family; insectivores and gummivores; dental 2132, nocturnal; prehensile tail
- Catyrrhines
- infraorder; owm, apes, and humans; dental 2123; butt cushions
- Cercopiths
- family; eat almost anything; cheek pouches; terrestrial; Savannas of e. africa
- Colobines
- sub-family; eat leaves; complex stomach for digestion; arboreal
- Hominids
- superfamily; no tail; larger body size; suspensory locomotion shoulder, knuckle walking
- Hylobatidae
- family; se asia; arboreal, frugivorous
- Pongidae
- family; se asia; frugivores; sexually dimorphic
- Pongo
- orangutan; man of the forest; borneo, sumatra; frugivores
- Gorilla
- Mountains of eastern africa, lowlands of western africa; terrestrial knuclewalkers
- Pan troglogytes
- chimpanzees; equatorial africa; 98.5% dna shared with humans; omnivorous; arboreal quadrupedal and suspensory; terrestrial quadrupedal knucklewalking; tool use
- Pan paniscus
- bonobos; democratic republic of congo; swampy equatorial forests; most bipedal species of ape; slender with muscle definition; overt sexuality