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Psych test number 1

Terms

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Psychology
the scientific study of thought and behavior
cognitive psychology
the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak and solve problems
someone who studies how people visualize objects in their mind is studying what type of psychology?
cognitive psychology
developmental psychology
the study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the lifespan
behavioral neuroscience
the study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior
biological psychology
the study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and how they influence behavior and thought
the effects of stress on hormones and behavior is an example of what type of psychology?
biological psychology
brain functions involved in learning, emotion, social behavior, and mental illness are examples of what area of psychology?
behavioral neuroscience
social psychology
the study of how living among others influences thought, feeling, and behavior
prejudice and racism in terms of how a person of one group perceives and treats people in other groups is an example of what type of psychology?
social psychology
clinical psychology
the study of the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and the promotion of psychological health
where do clinical psychologists work?
universities

medical settings

private practices



health psychology
the study of the role that psychological factors play in regard to physical health and illness
what area of psychology requires both clinical practice and research?
health psychology
educational psychology
the study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools and the psychology of teaching
industrial / organizational psychology
application of psychological concepts and questions to work settings
research focus such as studying whether certain programs improve worker productivity and employment satisfaction is an example of what type of psychology?
industrial / organizational psychology
sports psychology
the study of psychological factors in sports and exercise
forensic psychology
field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice
counseling psychology
similar to clinical psychology

tend to treat and assess relatively healthy people and assist them with career and vocational interests

where is counseling training most likely to occur?
schools of education
in prehistoric times what was the main psychological idea based upon?
shamans

medicine men and woman who treated people with mental problems by driving out demons with elaborate rituals and prayers

who were the first cultures to focus on natural and psychical explanations for disorders?
Ancient Egyptians and Greeks
what was a major use of the Egyptians?
narcotics to treat pain
who was the first Greek physician to write about a man suffering from a phobia of heights?
Hippocrates
which group moved away from supernatural explanations of psychological disorders?
ancient chineese
what were the views on psychological disorders in Europe during the middle ages?
psychological disorders were attributed to supernatural causes

people were possessed by demons, spirits and the devil

how did the catholic church distinguish between the good and the bad witchcraft?
prodded with metal poles and spears to test for pain

float test

asylums
facilities for treating the mentally ill in Europe during the Middle Ages and into the 19th century
moral treatment
19th - century approach to treating the mentally ill with dignity in a caring environment
what were the modern views of psychological disorders?
they are simply a form of illness and should be treated as all medical conditions are, with appropriate diagnosis and therapy
who developed psychoanalysis?
Sigmond Freud
psychoanalysis
a clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders

assumed unconscious mind was most powerful behind thought and behavior (dreams)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual -DSM
classification system of diagnoses for more than 250 psychological disorders
empiricism
the view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience
psychophysics
the first scientific form of psychology

lab studies of the subjective experience of physical sensations

who established the idea of empiricism?
John Locke
who were the scientists to first develop psychophysics?
Ernst Weber

Gustav Fechner

Hermann von Helmholts



did some of the first research in perception and laid the groundwork for what later became psychophysics
Weber
made contributions to the study of memory, physiology and color vision, laws of conservation, music theory, meteorology and geometry

first to calculate speed of nerve impulse

Helmholtz
this man is credited with giving psychology its independence from philosophy and physiology
Wilhelm Wundt
first american to earn a PhD in psychology
Sumner
first female president of APA
Mary whiton Calkins
structuralism
19th century school of psychology that argued that breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior
introspection
the main method of investigation for structuralists

involves looking into ones own mind for information about the nature of conscious experience

functionalism
19 century school of psychology that argued it was better to look at why the mind works the way it does than to describe its parts
behaviorism
a school of psychology that proposed that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts feelings or motives
positive psychology
scientific approach to studying understanding and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning
Gestalt psychology
a theory of psychology that maintains that we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts
who is the founder of behaviorism?
John Watson
who is responsible for making behaviorism the major approach in experimental psychology?
B.F. Skinner
who proposed humanistic psychology?
Maslow Rogers
what is word used for thought and mental processes?
Cognition
what are the three major ways of thinking about human experience?
nature- nurture debate

mind- body problem

evolutionary theory



nature through nurture
the position that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do
the idea that the mind and the body are separate entities is called...
mind- body dualism
how are the body and mind perceived in eastern thought?
they are seen as part of one whole rather than separate entities
evolution
the change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species
natural selection
a feedback process by which nature favors one design over another because it has an impact on reproduction
adaptation
inherited solutions to ancestral problems that have been selected for because they contribute to some way to reproductive success
why do adaptations evolve?
to solve problems in past generations- not cure them
evolutionary psychology
the branch of psychology that studies human behavior by asking what adaptive problems it may have solved for our early ancestors
what are evolutionary psychologist interested in?
the functions of the human mind
what are emotions?
behavioral adaptations

quick and ready response patterns that tell us whether something is good or bad for our well - being

by-products or exaptations
structures of features that perform a function that did not arise through natural selection
what are some examples of by-products?
feathers

language

science



scientific method
the procedures by which scientists conduct research consisting of five basic processes
what are the steps of scientific method?

(OPTIC)

observation

prediction

testing

interpretation

communication







hypothesis
a specific, informed and testable prediction of the outcome of a particular set of conditions in a research design
theory
a set of related assumptions from which scientists can make testable predictions
replication
the repetition of a study to confirm the results
pseudoscience
claims presented as scientific that are not supported by evidence obtained with the scientific method
research design
plans of action for how to conduct a scientific study
variable
a characteristic that changes for "varies"
what are some examples of variables?
age

gender

weight

intelligence

anxiety

extraversion









population
the entire group a researcher is interested in
what are some examples of populations?
all humans

all adolescents

all boys

all girls

all college students







social desirability bias
the tendency toward favorable self-presentation that could lead to inaccurate self-reports
samples
subsets of the population studied in a research project
descriptive designs
study designs in which the researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control or manipulate anything
case study
a study design in which a psychologist, often a therapist, observes one person over a long period of time
naturalistic observation
a study in which the researcher unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world
representative sample
a research sample that accurately reflects the population of people on is studying
correlation coefficient
a statistic that ranges form -1.0 to +1.0 and assesses the strength and direction of association between two variables
correlation designs
studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another

not designed to show causation

experiment
a research design that included independent and dependent variables and random assignment of participants to control and experimental groups or conditions
independent variable
a property that is manipulated by the experimenter under controlled conditions to determine whether it causes the predicted outcome of an experiment
dependent variable
in an experiemtn, the outcome or response to the experimental manipulation
random assignment
the method used to assign participants to different research conditions so that all participants have the same chance of being in any specific group
control group
a group of research participants who are treated in exactly the same manners at the experimental group, except that hey do not receive the independent variable or treatment
placebo
a substance or treatment that appears identical to the actual treatment but lacks the active substance
experimental group
a group consisting of those participants who will receive the treatment or whatever is predicted to change behavior
confounding variable
variable whose influence on the dependent variable cannot be separated from the independent variable being examined
single-blind studies
studies in which participants do not know the experimental condition (group) to which they have been assigned
double- blind studies
studies in which neither the participants nor the researchers administering the treatment know who has been assigned to the experimental or control group
self-fulfilling prophesy
a statement that affects events to cause the prediction to become true
meta-analysis
a research and statistical technique for combining all research results on one question and drawing a conclusion
effect size
a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or the magnitude of an experimental effect
physiological measures
measures of bodily responses such as blood pressure, or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state
multiple measurement
the use of several measures to acquire data on one aspect of behavior
statistics
collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numerical data
descriptive statistics
measures used to describe and summarize research data
standard deviation
a statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean
ethics
the rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation or more simply standards of right and wrong
what are the 5 explicit guidelines for the ethical treatment of human subjects
1. informed consent

2. respect for persons

3. beneficence

4. privacy and confidentiality

5. justice







debriefing
the explanation of the purposes of a study following data collection
quasi-experimental design
research method similar to an experimental design except that it makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups

(ex. musicians)

chromosomes
a coiled-up thread of DNA

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

a large molecule that contains genes
genes
small segments of DNA that contain information for producing proteins
genome
all the genetic information in DNA
alleles
different forms of a gene
dominant genes
genes that show their effect even if there is only one allele for that trait in the pair
recessive genes
genes that show their effects only when both alleles are the same
behavioral genetics
the scientific study of the role of heredity in behavior
monogenic transmission
the hereditary passing on of traits determined by a single gene
polygenic transmission
the process by which many genes interact to create a single characteristic
heritability
the extent to which a characteristic is influenced by genetics
fraternal twins
twins that develop from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm
identical twins
twins that develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two independent cells
twin studies
research into hereditary influence comparing pairs of fraternal and identical twins
adoption studies
research into hereditary influence in which adopted people are compared to their biological and adoptive parents
twin-adoption studies
research into hereditary influence on twins both identical and fraternal who were raised apart (adopted) and who were raised together
gene-by environment interaction research
a method of studying heritability by comparing genetic markers that allows researchers to assess how genetic differences interact with environment to produce certain behaviors in some people but not in others
epigenetics
concerns changes in the way genes are turned on or off without a change in the sequence of DNA
central nervous system

SNS

the part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
the part of the nervous system that comprises all the nerve cells in the body outside the central nervous system
somatic nervous system
nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system that transmit sensory information to the central nervous system and those that transmit information from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscle
cortisol
a hormone released by the adrenal glands

responsibly for maintaining the activation of bodily systems during prolonged stress

adrenal glands
endocrine structures that release hormones important in regulating the tress response and emotions
pituitary gland
the master endocrine gland that controls the release of hormones from glands throughout the body
hormones
chemicals secreted by glands that travel int eh bloodstream and carry messages to tissues and organs all over the body
endocrine system
system of glands that secrete and regulate hormones in the body
glutamate
a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that increases the likelihood that a posthypnotic neuron will fire

important in learning memory, neural processing and brain development

GABA
Gammaaminobutyic acid
a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain that tells post synaptic neurons not to fire

slows CNS activity and is necessary to regulate and control neural activity



norepinephrine
a neurotransmiter that plays an important role in the sympathetic nervous system, energizing bodily systems and increasing mental arousal and alertnesss
epinephrine
also known as adrenaline, a neurotransmitter that arouses bodily systems (such as increasing heart rate)
serotonin
a neurotransmitter with wide-ranging effects

involved in dreaming and controlling emotional states especially anger, anxiety and depression

acetlcholine
a neurotransmitter that controls muscle movement and plays a role in mental processes such as learning, memory, attention, sleeping and dreaming
graded potentials
small changes in membrane potential that by themselves are insufficient to trigger an action potential
enzymatic degradation
a way of removing excess neurotransmitter from the synapse, in which enzymes specific for that neurotransmitter bind with the neurotransmitter and destroy it
dopamine
a neurotransmitter released in response to behaviors that feel good or are rewarding to the person or animal

also involved in voluntary motor control

reputake
a way of removing excess neurotransmitter from the synapse in which excess neurotransmitter is returned to the sending pr presynaptic neuron for storage in vesicles and future use
all -or - none principal
the idea that once the threshold has been crossed an action potential either fires or it does not

there is no halfway

refractory period
the span of time after an action potential has been generated, when the neuron is returning to its resting state and the neuron cannot generate an action potential
mirror neurons
nerve cells that are active when we observe others performing an action as well as when we are performing the same action
interneurons
neurons that communicate only with other neurons
resting potential
the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the axon when the neuron is at rest
motor neurons
nerve cells that carry commands for movement from the brain to the muscles of the body
synapse
the junction between an axon and the adjacent neuron, where information is transmitted from one neuron to another
myelin sheath
the fatty substance wrapped around some axons, which insulates the axon, making the nerve impulse travel more efficiently
sensory neurons
nerve cells that receive incoming sensory information from the sense organs (eye, ear, skin, tongue, nose)
terminal buttons
little knobs at the end of the axon that contain tiny sacs of neurotransmitters
soma
cell body of the neuron
neuro-transmitters
chemicals that transmit information between neurons
neurons
the cells that process and transmit information int he nervous system
glial cells
central nervous system cells that provide structural support, promote efficient communication between neurons and serve as scavengers removing cellular debris
sympathetic nervous system
the branch of the autonomic nervous system that activates bodily systems in time of emergency
parasympathetic nervous system
the branch of autonomic nervous system that usually relaxes or returns the body to a less active restful state
autonomic nervous system

ANS

all the nerves of the peripheral nervous system that serve involuntary systems of the body, such as the internal organs and glands
what are the 4 principals of research design?
variable

population

samples

social





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