Human Health and Disease
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- What is the Chain of Infection?
- Pathogen --> Vector --> Host
- The 5 Pathogens
- Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, parasitic worms
- What is a Vector
- a vehical that transmitts a pathogen
- The 5 main vectors
- animal/bug bites, air, fluids, people (hands), food, water
- What 3 things does a host's body have under optimal conditions.
- warm, moist, pH
- The 6 step process of infection.
- Invasion, incubation, cell death, chemical and histamin release, immune response, recovery
- Define: Immunity
- Protection against infectious diseases
- 5 barries that are used for immunity
- Skin, sweat, oils, saliva, digestive chemicals
- 5 parts of the immune systems
- lymph system, white blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes/vessels
- What are the 2 types of white blood cells
- B & T Cells
- What is the function of the Thymus
- to identify invaders
- What are the invaders (pathogens) of the body's system called.
- Antigens
- What is the function of the Spleen.
- Produce antibodies
- What do the lymph nodes/vessels carry
- Lymph Fluid
- What cause the swelling of the arm in former cancer patients.
- A build of of lymph fluid that can't be removed from the arm because the lymph nodes were damaged in surgery.
- What is the funtion of Humoral immunity?
- produces antibodies against specific antigens.
- Is Humoral immunity specfic or general immunity?
- Specific
- Humoral immunity mainy fights what 2 pathogens?
- viruse and bacteria
- What type of white blood cell works with the humoral immunity?
- B-Cells
- What are the 2 types of humoral immunity?
- Active and Passive
- How do the body gains active immunity?
- The body develops its own antibodies when its been infected.
- How do the body gains passive immunity?
- The body gains antibodies by vaccination
- What does Cell-mediated immunity work against?
- work against agents in general.
- Is Cell-mediated immunity specific of general?
- general
- What 3 things does cell-mediated immunity mainly fight agaings?
- cancer cells & tissue, fungi, parasites
- What type of white blood cell is used by cell-mediated immunity?
- T-Cell
- What are the names of the T-Cells and other cells found in cell-mediated immunity.
- T-cell (lymphocytes) & macrophages
- What are the 4 signs of losing the battle against infection.
- swollen lymph nodes, swelling,high temp., abscesses & pus
- What can have a great impact on the immune system if not managed.
- stress
- Define: Allergies
- hypersenitivity to elements in the enviroment or diet
- Define: Immunotherapy
- passive immuninity like (i.e. vaccines)
- Define: Autoimmune disorders
- normal cells seen as foreign invaders
- What are 3 examples of autoimmune disorders
- rheumatoid arhritis, systemic lupus, multiple sclerosis
- Women are __ times more likely to have an autoimmune disorder than men.
- 3 times
- Define: Immune deficiency
- abnormally developed immune system
- Define: Pathogen
- Disease causing microorganism
- What size are viruse.
- small
- What are viuruse made of
- DNA or RNA + Protien
- Viruses are made of both DNA and RNA, true of false?
- False
- Why are viruses hard to fight.
- They look similar to the body's cells.
- why does viruses look similar to the body's cells?
- They use the instruction information found on the the cells they attack.
- Why do viruses attack cells.
- They can't reproduce on their own, so they need the cell's reprodutive mechanism to replicate.
- Can you treat a viruse with an antibiotic?
- No
- What are used to treat a viruse?
- anitviral drugs.
- Bacteria are multicelled organisms, true or false?
- false, single celled
- What pathogens cause the most problems?
- bacteria
- what pathogen is the most commmon organism on earth.
- bacteria.
- If bacteria is in the body, the host will die within minutes, true or false.
- false, bacteria are need by the body in small amounts.
- What are the 2 ways that bacteria are harmful to the body.
- They release toxins or secret enzymes that breakdown cells.
- What is an exmaple of a toxic effect of bacteria.
- Toxic Shock Syndrome
- What are used to treat bacteria
- antibiotics
- that are 2 possible side effects from using antibotics.
- allergic reaction or resistance
- What are fungi?
- single or multicelled organsims.
- Why do fungi need other organism to thrive.
- They are unable to make their own food, or hunt so they must secret an enzyme to break down other organsims and aborb them for their nutrients.
- What is a Protozoa.
- A single celled organism or animal that destroys cells
- Protozoa are very common in the US, true or false.
- false
- what is an example of a protozoa diesease.
- Malaria
- What are used to treat fungal disease.
- antifungal drugs and ointments
- What part of a protozoa do you treat.
- The symptoms
- What pathogen competes with the host for nutrients?
- parasitic worms
- What do parastic worms attack?
- organs and tissue
- How do you treat parastic worms?
- medication
- Veneral diseases are also know as the ___/___ disease.
- love/lust
- Doctors are not required by law to report veneral disease, but the government suggest that they do for public health reasons, true or false.
- False, they must be reported by law.
- STDs are highest amoung __ to __ yr. olds.
- 16-24 yr olds
- what are the 3 reason that young adults have the highest rates of STDs.
- lack of health standards, prevention, and access to HC
- What is the chances of getting an STD in a person's lifetime.
- 1 in 4 (25%)
- How much does STD cost the HC system.
- $17 trillion
- What are 4 health impacts caused by STDs.
- sterility, ectopic pregnancies, premature birth, miscarriages
- What 3 groups are at the highest risk of getting an STI.
- young adults, homosexual men, and newborns with an infected mother.
- What puts people at higher risk of getting an STD.
- unsafe sex practices.
- what 3 unsafe sex behaviors can lead to getting an STD.
- prior drug or alcohol use, muliti partners, invulnerability
- What percent of people with a STI show no syptoms?
- 50%
- What STD is know as "the clap"
- Gonorrhea
- How are rates of gonorrhea infection changed over the past decade.
- reemerged and has become very common
- What 3 groups are most like to get Gonorrhea?
- teens, young adults, and black men.
- Black men are __times more likely to get gonorrhea than white men.
- 40 times
- In women, what 2 things can gonorrhea cause?
- Sterility and (PID) Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- What are the 2 main symptoms of having of gonorrhea?
- yellowish white pus discharge and buring during urination
- How soon does symptoms start after someone gets gonorrhea?
- 2-9 days
- What percent of women with gonorrhea have no symptoms?
- 80%
- When a newborn is exposed to gonorrhea from the mother during delivery what 2 things can happen to the infant.
- conjuntivites and blindness
- What are 5 long term effects caused by gonorrhea?
- sterility, urniary tract obsturctions, arthritis, heart inflammation, and meningitis.
- What other dieseas is often found in a person that has Gonorrhea?
- Chlamydia
- What drugs are used to treat Gonorrhea?
- antibotics
- Are rates of syphilis infections increasing or decresing?
- decresing
- When do people get screened for Syphilis?
- Everytime they are screened for any STD
- What is the 1st degree symptom of having syphilis?
- Chancers (lesions)
- Define: Chancers
- lesions or open sores of bacteria
- Where do the chancers form?
- on infected mucous tisse or membranes.
- After getting syphilis, how long does it take for lesions to form?
- 3-4 weeks
- What are the 5 2nd degree symptoms of syphilis that develop.
- rash, white patches, low temp., moist sores, temporary pubic baldness
- How long does it take for 2nd degree symptoms of syphilis to develop?
- 1-12 months
- What 4 things happen with latent syphilis?
- no signs or symptoms, low transmission, some flare-ups,incubation
- What are 3 complications of 3rd degree syphilis?
- brain, heart, and organ problems
- What degree of syphilis is rare?
- 3rd degree
- what fration of untreated syphilis infected people develop 3rd degree syphilis.
- 1/3
- How long must a person have to have syphilis before they reach 3rd degree syphilis?
- 10-20 years
- What specific drug is used to treat syphilis, and is it antivirual or antibiotic.
- Penicillin an antibotic
- Can you be completely cured from syphilis?
- Yes, if caught in its early stages
- What does HSV stand for?
- Herpes Simplex Viruse
- How many types of HSV are there, and what are they?
- 2, HSV-1 & HSV-2
- What are the 2 common names for HSV-1?
- Fever blisters or cold sores
- What is the main symptom of HSV?
- blistering of the skin and membranes
- What type of HSV is the most common?
- HSV-!
- How many people in the in the US under the age of 12 have HSV-1?
- 135 million
- What is the common name for HSV-2?
- Genital herpes
- What are the for main areas that develop blister when a person has gential herpes?
- geitialia, butt, thigh, pubic area
- HSV has incresed by what percent since the 1970s?
- 30%
- __ in __ people have HSV-2.
- 1 in 5
- what percent of people with HSV-2 don't know they have it?
- 80-90%
- what age group has the highest rates of genital herpes?
- 20-29 yr. olds
- What STD is often missed with standard screening?
- HSV-2
- When does a person get HSV?
- They always have it in their body, but something must trigger it for it to express itself with blister.
- When HSV goes into remission, where in the body does the viruse go?
- Spinal Chord
- Herpes is not that contagies, in fact you can touch it and not be infected, true of false.
- false, it is very contagious and is spred by touch.
- If a mother has gential herpes, how would the doctor deliver her baby?
- C-Section
- What kind of treatment is used for HSV?
- Antivirual drugs
- What percent of people who take drugs fro HSV still have reoccurences?
- 80%
- What 3 things can a person do to avoid a HSV breakout?
- hot baths, warm enivronments, and long term stress
- What does HPV stand for?
- Human Papilloma viruse
- What is the most common STD?
- HPV
- How many women in the US have HPV?
- 20 million
- what percent of college students have HPV?
- 10-46%
- What percent of people with HPV don't have symptoms?
- 50%
- What is the most common symptom of HPV?
- Gential warts
- HPV causes what percent of cervical cancer?
- 95%
- What is a treatment for HPV that helps the personal immune system?
- interferon injections
- What treatment is needed when HPV causes cervical cancer?
- Surgery
- What is the treatment for genital warts?
- freezing
- Therapy, over time, will complete eradicate HPV, true of false?
- false
- What percent of people who recieve treatment for HPV have reoccurences?
- 20-30%
- What is another name for pubic lice?
- crabs
- What STD, is not always transmitted by having sex?
- Pubic lice
- Where do crabs live?
- in hairy areas
- Where do mites lay their eggs?
- at the base of the hair shaft
- what is the 2 main symptoms of pubic lice.
- intense itching and sores from scratching
- what is the #1 treatment for crabs?
- shampoo/creams
- what should a person do if someone in the house has pubic lice?
- wash all the bed linen, clothes, etc.
- What does HIV stand for?
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Is there a cure for HIV?
- No
- What does HIV do?
- Virus replicates and breaks down "cell-mediated" immunity
- What type of white blood cell is reduced in the body because of HIV?
- T-Cells
- What is the specific name of the T-Cells affected by HIV, and what is its nickname?
- CD4 T-lymphocytes, aka CD4 helper-T cells.
- When the T-cells are reduced and cell-mediated immunity is decrease what 2 things can develop?
- cancer and infections
- Whad does AIDS stand for?
- Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome
- What 2 thing must a person have to be considered to have AIDS?
- 1) a t-cell count of less than 200 cells/mm3 or 2) reoccuring pneumonia, Tb, or cervial cancer
- What are the 4 main complications caused by AIDS?
- Fever, diarrhea, lose weight, diminished mental function
- What are the early syptoms of HIV, and how long from the 1st symptoms does it take for AIDS to develop?
- Flu like symptoms, weeks to decades
- Unknown 30 years ago, what is the #1 infectious cause of death world wide?
- HIV/AIDS
- What are 4 things that tranmit HIV?
- blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk
- Casual kissing, touching, shared dishes and glass all can transmit HIV, true or false?
- false
- How many people in the US have HIV?
- 850,000-950,000
- How many new cases of HIV are diognosed each year?
- 40,000
- How many people with HIV have AIDS?
- 385,000
- What age group is HIV infection rates increasing?
- 50 and above
- What percent increase was the infection rate for people over the age of 50.
- 22%
- Why has HIV infection rates increased in the 50+ age group?
- Viagra, and the idea that they don't need protection becuase they can't get pregnant.
- How many people world wide have HIV-AIDS?
- 36 million
- How many people in Sub-Sahara Africa have HIV-AIDS
- 25.3 million
- The number of people with HIV-AIDS doubles every 10 years, true or false?
- true
- what percent of all AID cases are in Africa?
- 70%
- What percent of deaths due to HIV-AID are in Africa?
- 90%
- In what 2 countries in Africa does 25% of the entire population have HIV-AIDS?
- Zimbabwe & Botswana
- Orginally, what 2 groups were at the greatest risk of getting HIV-AIDS?
- gay men and injection drug abusers
- Today, HIV-AIDS cases in heterosexuals have increased from __ percent to ___ percent?
- 2% to 15%
- Women account for what fraction of all HIV-AIDS cases?
- 1/3
- African American women are 13% of the total population of women, however black women account for __percent of HIV-AIDS cases?
- 64%
- Blacks and latinos account for 25% of the total population, but they are what percent of new HIV-AIDS cases?
- 70-82%
- What 5 groups of people are most likely to get HIV-AIDS?
- teen girls, people who have a STD, people who have sex with multiple partners, people who have anal sex, and people who have oral sex
- Overall, have the infections of HIV-AIDS decrease, and if so will the trend continue?
- yes, but decrese rate is slowing because rate in gay men are increasing and more people are doing riky sexual activities
- What 2 things are being used to decrease the rate of AIDS
- education and health promotion
- Programs have caused what percent of the decrease in AIDS?
- 30-50%
- Blood screening has is 99.9% effective in preventing HIV infection due to blood transfusion, true of false?
- true
- What percent of babies being born to HIV infected mothers, do NOT have HIV because of drug therapy during preganancy?
- 90%
- What is the most effictive HIV-AIDS treatment?
- HARRT
- What does HARRT stand for?
- Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
- How does HARRT work?
- It reduces the viral load
- What is the HARRT regimen?
- rigorus drug regimen over a long period of time
- How much does HARRT treatment cost per year?
- $10,000
- HIV-AIDS is a how many tier test?
- 2-tier
- How long must a person have HIV before it can be detected by screening?
- 3-6 months
- What is the first type of HIV-AIDS screening?
- anitbody testing
- What is the 2nd tier of a HIV test (only done if the first test is postive)?
- virus test
- Vaccination programs decrese the risk of developing many common infectious diseases by what percent?
- 95-99%
- What is one of the greatest Public Health achievements in history?
- vaccination
- What are the 3 types of immunization?
- a single dose, a series of vaccines, booster shots
- What percent of children don't receive their complete immunization?
- 25%
- What are the 2 groups with the highest rates of children who don't have complete immunization?
- Black and Low Income
- How many people in N. America have HIV?
- 920,000
- How many people in E. Europe and Central Asia have HIV?
- 700,000
- How many people in the Caribbean have HIV?
- 390,000
- How many people in Latin America have HIV?
- 1.4 Million
- How many in W. Europe have HIV?
- 540,000
- How many in Mid and N. Africa have HIV?
- 400,000
- How many people in S. Africa have HIV?
- 25.3 Million
- East Asia and the Pacific has how many people with HIV?
- 640,000
- How many people in South Asia has HIV?
- 5.8 million
- How many people in Austrilia and New Zealand have HIV?
- 15,000
- Vaccines are recommended for children under what age?
- 18 months
- What 11 vaccines are recommended for children.
- Hepatitis B, Measeles, Mumps, Rubella, Diphteria, Tetanus, Pertussia, HIB, Pneumococcoal,Polio, and varicella
- What does Hepatitis B targe?
- the liver
- You must re-immunized before college for Mesles, but what percent don't and are now at risk?
- 5-15%
- What is another name for Rubella?
- The Germen Measles
- Who is most at risk for the Germen Mesales?
- New borns
- How often should you get the Diptheria and tetanus immunization.
- Every 10 years
- What is another name for Pertussis?
- The whopping cough
- What does HIB stand for?
- Hemophilis Influinzia-B
- What does HIB cause?
- Menigitis
- HIB caused Mengitis has decreased by what percent?
- 99%
- Pneumococcal immunizies against what, and what does this viruse casue?
- the pneumococcal virus, pneumonia
- Polio is almost non-existent, true or false?
- true
- What does polio do?
- affects neuromuscular system
- Varicell is the vaccine for what?
- Cicken pox
- Which of the 11 vaccines is the most recent?
- Varicell
- Most vaccines are combination vaccines, so what are the 5 vaccine doeses?
-
1)Hep-B
2)MMR
3)DTaP
4)Influenza,Pneumonia,Polio
5)Varicella - What are the 2 types of Menigitis?
- Bacterial and Viral
- What does menigiites do to the body?
- inflamation to the brain and spinal chord, and brain damage
- Of the 2,600 cases of menigites, how many were college students?
- 120
- What percent of menigites cases die?
- 10%
- what 3 ways does menigities spred?
- kissing, sharing cigretts and drinks, and prolonged exposure
- What is Dorm frosh?
- Menigities in college students, cuased by the close quarters of dorms
- Dorm Frosh effects what percent of students?
- 5%
- Dorm frosh accounts for what percent of all menigities cases?
- 30%
- How many die each year due to Dorm Frosh?
- 12
- What are the 8 symptoms of menigities?
-
1)fever
2)sever headaches
3)stiff neck
4)nausea
5)vomitting
6)lethargy (tierd)
7)confusion
8)rashes - What are the 5 types of Hepatites?
- A,B,C,D,E
- What are the 3 Viral strains of Hepatites?
- A, B, and C
- Which type of Hepatites is the least serious?
- Hep-A
- Hep-A is casued by what?
- Poor sanitation
- Is there a vaccine for Hep-A and Hep-B?
- Yes
- Is Hep-B potential fatal?
- yes
- How is Hep-B transmitted?
- Blood and fluids from needles and sex
- What other Hepatites is Hep-C similar to?
- Hep-B
- How many people in the world have Hep-B?
- 350,000
- How many people in the world have Hep-C?
- 4 million
- Which is the most infectious, Hep-B or Hep-C?
- Hep-C
- Hep-C is also known as what?
- HCV
- HCV has incresed how many times in the last decade?
- 3 times
- What is the #1 reason for liver transplants in the US?
- Hepatities
- What is Tuberculosis (Tb)?
- A highly contagious bacterial infection in the lungs.
- How is Tb transmitted?
- Its airborne
- What is the leading cause of death world wide?
- Tb
- what fraction of people world wide have Tb (most of which have no symptoms)?
- 1/3
- Have rates of Tb decrease?
- Yes
- When was the last increse in Tb before the rate decreased again?
- 1980-1990s
- What are the 5 cause of an increase in Tb?
-
1)Homelessness
2)Migration
3)Poverty
4)HIV-AIDS
5)Resistant strains of Tb - Who are the 3 groups that are at the greatest risk of getting Tb?
-
1)prison population
2)nursing homes
3)people in poor ventelated areas - What 3 medical steps are taken to detect Tb?
-
1)Tb bacteria test
2)X-ray/monitoring
3)drugs - What is another name for Monoducleosis?
- The kissing disease