ana exam 1
Terms
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- Diaphragm
- Separates the Thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
- Mediastinum
- tissues and organs of thoracic cavity that form a septum between lungs and heart
- Pleural cavity
- contains lungs
- Pericardial cavity
- contains heart
- Peritoneum
- Serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and reflected over the viscera (Organs)
- Parietal Peritoneum
- lines a cavity or body wall
- Visceral Peritoneum
- covers the organs
- Visceral Layer
- Covers an organ
- Parietal Layer
- lines a cavity or body wall
- Sagittal/Midsagittal/Median
- down the center, left and right
- Transverse/Horizontal
- through the body, top and bottom
- Coronal/Frontal
- divides body into front and back. Posterior and Anterior
- Abdominal Subdivisions
- Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric region, right and left flank, umbilical region, right and left inguinal, hypogastric region
- Right Lower Quadrant (Abdomin)
- Appendix
- Right Upper Quadrant (Abdomin)
- Liver, hanging off the liver is galbladder
- Left Upper Quadrant
- Stomach, Spleen
- Left Lower Quadrant
- sigmoid colon
- Superior, Cephalic, Cranial
- above or close to the head
- inferior, caudal
- below or closer to feet
- anterior, ventral
- towards front
- posterior, dorsal
- towards back
- medial
- towards midline
- lateral
- away from midline
- proximal
- closer to point of attachment or close to trunk
- distal
- farther from point of attachment or further from trunk
- superficial, external
- toward the surface of the body
- deep, internal
- toward center or core of body
- supine
- lying on the back with the face up
- Flexion, Extension
- Increasing or decreasing the angle between two limb segments
- supination, pronation
- the palm is up to hold a mug of soup in supination
- circumduction
- rotation of the limb around a proximal joint
- inversion, eversion
- movement of the sole of the foot toward or away from the body midline
- abduction, adduction
- movement of the limb away from or towards the body midline
- Protoplasm
- is ctyoplasm (surrounds cell) + Nucleoplasm
- 3 major divisions of a typical cell
- 1. Cytoplasm 2. Cell membrane 3. Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- contents of the cell that surround the nucleus
- Structural components of cytoplasm
- A. Organelles: perform energy requiring activities of the cell B. Inclusions: storage components
- Cell Membrane
- Envelope forming outermost portion of the cell
- Components of Cell membrane
- Lipids and proteins
- (Protein) Ion Pumps, Channels
- ALlow non permeable substances entry into the cell
- (Protein) Receptors
- Bind to incoming molecules such as hormones triggering a response with in the cell or bind to incoming molecules which are then engulfed in a portion of the cell membrane and taken into the cell
- (Protein) Enzymes
- Control the rates of metabolic actions
- Structural protein
- cellular adhesion molecules, allow for junction between cells
- carbohydrate
- attach to outer surface as glycocalyx
- glycocalyx
- important in cell recognition
- lipid head and tail
- heads are hydrophilic (likes moisture tails are hydrophobic (don't like moisture)
- Nucleus
- Large spherical structure that contains the genetic material of the cell that direct cell activities
- nucleoplasm
- material enclosed by the nuclear envelope
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)
- ribosomes attach (stud) the surface giving it a rough appearance. 1. Makes proteins 2. Studded with Ribosomes 3. continuous on nuclear envelope and also smooth endoplasmic
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER)
- Continuous with rER 1. Lipid Synthesis 2. detoxification of drugs and alcohol 3. glycogen metabolism: has enzyme that breaks down glycogen into glucose
- Ribosomes
- 1. Attach to rER 2. Free in cytoplasm -Produced in nucleus -found in nuclear envelope -makes proteins
- Golgi Apparatus
- continuous with ER, flattened sacs, modification and packaging of proteins, directs traffic throughout cell. Receives proteins from rER and produces lysosomes
- Parts of Golgi Apparatus
- 1. Forming face (cis) 2. Maturing face (trans) 3. Transport Vesicles
- Mitochondria
- Powerhouse for the cell, generates energy for the cell. Primary Functions: Energy and Store Calcium Maternal in origin, has own DNA, RNA, generates ATP
- Lysosomes
- cellular clean up crew, garbage disposal, contains degradative enzymes
- Phagocytosis
- Cell eating - solid or particulate matter
- pinocytosis
- cell drinking - taking in liquids
- Primary lysosome
- unchanged from origin at golgi apparatus
- phagosome
- 1. heterophagosome - contains particulate matter brought into cell via endocytosis 2. autophagosome - contains worn out cell parts or metabolic products
- secondary lysosome
- digestive vacuole formed by primary lysosome
- residual body
- contains material unable to be digested after formation of secondary lysosome
- tissue
- group of cells performing specialized structural and functional roles
- 2 components of tissue
- cells - varying types, shapes, and numbers all have interrelations with: Intercellular substances - non-living substance forming the matrix in which cells live
- Where can epithelium be found
- Covers surfaces - organs lines body cavities and hollow organs forms glands
- characteristics of epithelium
- -replicate often allwoing rapid healing -avascular - lack of blood vessels -tightly packed with little intercellular material - form protective barriers
- Functions of epithelium
- 1. barrier - skin 2/3. secretion/absorbption - digestive tract 4. excretion - kidney 5. sensory reception - skin
- classification of epithelium
- -simple - 1 layer -stratified - multiple layers -pseudostratified - 1 layers which appears to be multiple
- classification of epithelium based on cell shape
- 1. squamos - scale-like, width and depth greater than height 2. cuboidal - width, depth, and height approximately the same 3. columnar - height exceeds width and depth
- types of simple epithelium
- 1. simple squamos - single layer of flat scale-like cells easily damaged, found in alveoli, capillaries 2. Simple cuboidal - single layer of cube shaped cells, secretion and absobption found in kidney tubules, salivary glands, pancreas, liver 3. simple columnar - single layer of elongated cells function in secretion and absorption found in digestive tract contains mucous secreting goblet cells 4. pseudostratified ciliated columnar - found lining upper portions of respiratory tract and oviducts contains numerous goblet cells
- types of stratified epithelium
- 1. Stratified squamous - found in areas of heavy wear and tear, epidermis, mouth, anus, esophagus 2. transitional - found lining urinary system especially in bladder
- types of glandular secretion
- 1. merocrine - granules released from cell (pancreas) 2. apocrine - part of cell is released with granules (mammary gland) 3. holocrine - whole cell dies and is secreted (sebaceous gland of hair follicle) 4. cytogenous - whole living cell is released (testies/ovaries)
- 2 types of glands
- 1, exocrine - secrete products into ducts 2. Endocrine - secrete directly into tissue fluid or bloodstream
- microvilli
- finger-like evaginations -function to increase surface area for absorption/secretion
- Cilia
- -hair-like, motile processes -longer than microvilli -function to move things
- Connective tissue proper
- -Highly vascular -variable cullularity -variable amount of intercellular material -surface surrounded by tissue and lacks basement membrane
- Fibroblast (connective tissue)
- most common cell type in connective tissue mainly responsible for collagen production
- mast cell (connective tissue)
- largest cell type, secretes: heparing - prevents blood clotting -histamine - associated with inflammatory response/allergies
- macrophages
- originate as white blood cells, they are phagocytes meaning they attack and ingest foreign particles
- fiber types in connective tissue
- 1. collagen - most abundant, high levels in bone and dentin, thick threads that are flexible but not elastic 2. elastic - less strength than collagen, easily stretched found in elastic ligaments and arteries 3. reticular - mode of collagen, very thin, mesh like pattern of arrangement, flexible, found in liver, lymphatic tissue
- loose connective tissue
- increased cells, decreased fibers, fills space between muscles and binds skin to underlying muscles
- adipose tissue
- (fat) beneath the skinm in spaces between muscles, functions in protecting and cushioning
- dense
- (fibrous) decreased cells, increased fibers, densely packed collagenous fibers with few fibroblasts resulting in very strong cords, tendons, ligaments..poor blood supply therefore slow healing
- skeletal muscle
- voluntary, striated, myosin (thick filaments) and actin (thin filaments), rich blood supply
- smooth muscle
- involuntary, nonstriated, found lining walls of GI tract, blood vessels, urinary bladder
- cardiac muscle
- involuntary, striated, found ONLY in heart,
- 2 layers of skin
- epidermis, dermis
- Characteristics of epidermis
- -lacks blood vessels -keratinized -thickest on palms and sole of foot -melanocytes provide melanin (absorbs UV radiation) -rests on basement membrane -stratified squamos
- cells of epidermis (what are they and where found)
- -stem cells - found in deep layer of epidermis -keratinocyte - majority of visible epidermal cells -melanocytes - deepest layer of epidermis, stratum basale -tactile (merkel) cells - sense receptors -Dendritic (langerhans) cells - macrophage cells