dev. psych final
Terms
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- original sin
- children are born into the world corrupted, with an inclination towards evil
- tabula rasa
- at birth, each child is a "blank tablet"
- innate goodness
- children are inherently good and should be permitted to grow naturally with little parenting
- life-span perspective
- views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
- periods of development
- prenatal (conception to birth), infancy (birth to 18-24 months), early childhood (2-5 years), middle and late childhood (6-11 years), adolescence (10-12 to 18-21 years), early adulthood (20s to 30s), middle adulthood (35-45 to 60s), late adulthood (60s-70
- chronological age
- number of years that have elapsed since birth
- biological age
- person's age in terms of biological health, knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs (the younger the person's biological age, the longer the person is expected to live)
- psychological age
- a person's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age
- social age
- social roles and expectations related to a person's age (for example, consider if a woman has children or not...)
- chorionic villi sampling
- sample of the placenta is removed, used to detect genetic defects and chromosome abnormalities
- amniocentesis
- a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosome or metabolic disorders, the later performed, the better its diagnostic potential
- maternal blood screening
- identifies pregancies that have an elvated risk for birth defects such as spina bifida and down syndrome
- In vitro fertilization (IVF)
- egg and sperm are combined in a labratory dish, successfully fertilized eggs are transferred into the woman's uterus
- Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
- a doctor inserts eggs and sperm directly into a woman's fallopian tube
- zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
- two step process: 1) eggs are fertilized in the labratory, and 2) any resulting fertilized eggs are transferred into the woman's fallopian tube
- passive-genotype environment correlations
- parents might have a genetic predisposition to be intelligent and read skillfully; parents raise them in a comfortable way
- evocative-genotype-environment correlations
- a child's characteristics elicit certain types of environments (smiling children get better responses)
- active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations
- children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating
- germinal period
- period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception
- embryonic period
- occurs from two to eight weeks after conception
- fetal period
- begins two months after conception and lasts for seven months, on average
- teratogen
- any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes (prescription and nonprescription drugs, psychoactive drugs, incompatible blood types, maternal diseases, maternal diet and nutrition, emotional stat
- apgar scale
- assessing the health of newborns one to five minutes after birth
- Brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS)
- performed 24 to 36 hours after birth to assess newborns nuerological development, reflexes, and reactions to people
- low birth weight
- less than five and a half pounds at birth (very low is below three)
- blinking
- stim: flash of light, puff of air, resp: closes both eyes
- babinski
- stim: sole of foot stroked, resp: fans out toes, twists foot in
- grasping
- stim: palms touched, resp: grasps tightly
- moro (startle)
- stim: sudden stimulation, such as hearing loud noise or being dropped, resp: startles, arches back, throws head back, f;lings out arms and legs and then rapidly closes them to center of body
- assimilation
- piagetian concept of the incorporation of new information into existing schemes
- accomodation
- adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences
- schemes
- actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
- object permanence
- understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched; sensorimotor stage (piaget)
- basic cry
- rythmic pattern that consists of a cry with a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry
- anger cry
- variation of the basic cry, in which more excess air is forced through the vocal cords
- pain cry
- a sudden, long initial loud cry followed by breath holding; no preliminary moaning is present
- reflesive smile
- does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep
- social smile
- occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of the young infant, as early as four months in response to a caregiver's voice
- stranger anxiety
- tends to appear in the second half of the first year of life; fear and wariness of strangers
- separation protest
- peaks at about 15 months in US infants
- social referencing
- "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
- temperament
- behavioral style and characteristic way of emotionally responding
- Chess and Thomas
- temperament styles
- easy child
- generally in a positive mood, who quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and who adapts easily to new experiences
- difficult child
- tends to react negatively and cry frequently, who engages in daily routines and who is slow to accept new experiences
- slow-to-warm-up child
- has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood
- securely attached babies
- use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
- insecure avoidant babies
- show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver
- insecure resistant babies
- often cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away
- insecure disorganized babies
- show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented
- Harry Harlow
- study revealed that feeding isn't as important as Freud thought; reared monkeys by "surrogate" mothers
- rooting reflex
- stim: cheek stroked or side of mouth touched, resp: turns head, opens mouth, begins sucking
- stepping reflex
- stim: infant held above surface and feet lowered to touch surface, resp: moves feet as if to walk
- sucking reflex
- stim: object touching mouth; resp: sucks automatically
- swimming reflex
- stim: infant put face down in water; resp: makes coordinated swimming movements
- tonic neck reflex
- stim: infant placed on back; resp: forms fists with both hands and usually turns head to the right (sometimes called the "fencer's pose" because the infant looks like it is assuming a fencer's position)
- Mary Ainsworth
- thought that the quality of babies' attachment experiences varies; created the Strange Situation
- preoperational stage
- (2-7 yrs) children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings and symbolic thought goes beyond simple connections of sensory information and physical action; egocentrism is present
- operations
- (Piaget's theory) internalized sets of actions that enable children to do mentally what the formerly did physically
- symbolic function substage
- (Piaget) the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present (b/n 2 and 4 yrs)
- egocentrism
- inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's
- animism
- the belief that inanimate objects have "lifelike" qualities and are capable of action
- centration
- focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
- conservation
- (Piaget's theory) awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its quantitative properties
- Vygotsky's theory
- social constructivist approach
- Zones of Proximal Development
- range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but that can be learned with guidance and assistance of adults or more skilled children
- scaffolding
- changing the level of support, adjusting the amount of guidance to fit the child's current performance (dialogue is an important tool of scaffolding in the zone of proximal development)
- Initiative vs. guilt
- characterizes early childhood; initiative to explore, but guilt is disappointment of bad behavior
- moral development
- involves thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people
- heteronomous morality
- first stage of moral development, occuring from about four to seven years; justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people
- autonomous morality
- second stage of morality (Piaget), about ten years and up; the child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and that, in judging an action, one should consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences
- gender identity
- the sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are three years old
- gender role
- a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel
- social role theory
- gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women
- psychoanalytic theory of gender
- (derived from Freud) that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent, but by about 5 or 6 years of age renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings, and subsequently identifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciou
- social cognitive theory of gender
- emphasizes that children's gender development occurs through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior
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authoritarian parenting
- a restrictive punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect work and effort. the authoritarian parent places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange. Authoritarian parenting is a
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authoritative parenting
- Parents encourage their children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child. Authoritative parenting is associated with children
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neglectful parenting
- The parent is very uninvolved in the child's life; it is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control.
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indulgent parenting
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Parents are highly involved with their children, but place few demands or controls on them. Indulgent parenting is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control.
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learning disability
- includes three components: 1) a minimum IQ level; 2) a significant difficulty in a school-related are (especially reading and/or math); and 3) exclusion of only severe emotional disorders, second-language background, sensory disabilities, and/or specific
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ADHD
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1) inattention, 2) hyperactivity, and 3) impulsiveness
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Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
- written statement that spells out a program tailored to a child with a disability. The plan should be 1) related to the child's learning capacity, 2) specially constructed to meet the child's individual needs and not merely a copy of what is offer
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least restrictive environment (LRE)
- the concept that a child with a disability must be educated in a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.
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inclusion
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Educating a child with special education needs full-time in the regular classroom.
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concrete operational stage
- lasts from about 7 to 11 years, and children are able to perform concrete operations, reason logically, as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples.
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seriation
- the concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length)
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transitivity
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the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions
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intelligence quotient
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a person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100