Intro Study Guide Questions CH 19,22,23
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- What is the process by which complex nutrients are briken down into smaller componentes called?
- Digestion
- What are the three main functions of the digestive system?
- Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination
- What layer of the digestive tract are the goblet cells located in?
- The Mucosa
- What is the layer of Serous membrane that covers organs called?
- The Visceral Layer
- What is the layer of serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and folds over the abdominal organs?
- The peritoneum
- What is the outtermost layer of the digestive tract wall called?
- The Serosa
- The crown of a tooth is covered in a very hard substance called what?
- Enamel
- What are the teeth between the incisors and the molars called?
- Cuspids
- What is the first part of the small intestine called?
- Duodenum
- What is the small tube containing lymphoid tissue that is attached to the cecum called?
- The appendix
- The longitudinal muscle in the wall of the large intestine forms bands called what?
- Teniae Coli
- What are the largest salivary glands called?
- Parotid glands
- Glygogen is stored in the accessory digestive organ called what?
- The Liver
- Which abdominal gland secretes glucagon and digestive enzymes?
- The pancreas
- What is the substance that is synthesized in the liver and emulsifies fat?
- Bile
- What is the muscular organ that stores bile?
- The gall bladder
- Which duct delivers bile to the duodenum?
- The common bile duct
- Which enzyme digests starch?
- Amylase
- How are individual nucleotides produced?
- By the actions of Nucleases
- In digestion, large food particles are split into their building blocks using water and enzymes. What is the term for this process?
- Hydrolysis
- What is the enzyme that breaks down lactose?
- Lactase
- How is glycerol produced?
- From the break down of lipids/fats
- What does trypsin break down proteins into?
- Amino Acids
- What is the process by which nutrients pass from the digestive tract into the blood?
- Absorption
- What are the millions of tiny fingerlike projections in the lining of the small intestine called?
- Villi
- What are the specialized vessels that absorb fats called?
- Lacteals
- What is the hormone that increases stomach motility and secretion?
- Gastrin
- How is the contraction of the gallbladder stimulated?
- By an intestinal hormone called CCK
- What is a yellowish coloration caused by liver disease?
- Jaundice
- What is the correct order of tissue from the outtermost to the innermost layer in the wall of the digestive tract?
- Serous membrane, smooth muscle, submucosa, mucosa
- Which layer of the digestive tract wall forms the teniae coli?
- The smooth muscle layer
- Which of the following is not a subdivision of the peritoneum? Endothelium, Mesentry, Greater Omentum, Mesocolon
- The endothelium
- Where is the lesser omentum
- Between the stomach and the liver
- Which portion of the peritoneum is attached to the small intestine.
- The mesentry
- What is the normal number of cuspids in the adult mouth?
- 4
- What is the hardest substance found in a tooth?
- Enamel
- What regulates the flow of food into the duodenum?
- The pyloric Sphinceter
- What is the veriform appendix attached to?
- The cecum
- Which portion of the large intestine empties into the rectum?
- The Sigmoid colon
- What is the waste product of protein metabolism that is synthesized in the liver?
- Urea
- What are the salivary glands under the tongue called?
- Sublingual Glands
- What is bilirubin?
- A byproduct of the destruction of Red Blood Cells
- What is the function of bile?
- Emulsification of fats
- What do the cyctic and common ducts merge to form?
- The common bile duct
- Which of the following substances is a protease? Lipase, Hydrochloric acid, Lactase, or Trypsin
- Trypsin
- Which of the following enzymes is not synthesized by the pancreas? Amylase, Pepsin, Lipase, or Trypsin
- Pepsin
- Hydrochloric acid activates a protein digesting enzyme produced where?
- In the stomach
- Most of the nutrients from eating butter would be absorbed in what form?
- Glycerol and free fatty acids
- What nutrient do lacteals absorb?
- Fat/Lipids
- Where are most of the body's nutrients absorbed?
- In the small intestine
- What are the folds in the cell membrane of intestinal cells called?
- Microvilli
- When a highly acidic chyme arrives in the duodenum, what substance will neutralize the acidity?
- Bicarbonate
- Which of the following hormones act on the pancreas? Gastric-inhibitor peptide, Cholecystokinin, or secretin?
- All of them
- Where are secretin and cholecystokinin produced?
- In the duodenum
- What is the scientific name for tooth decay?
- Caries
- What is an example of Parotitis?
- The viral disease Mumps
- What is the formation of stones in the gallbladder called?
- Cholelithiasis
- How does urine move from the kidneys to the bladder?
- Through the Ureters
- What is the fiborus connective tissue surrounding the kidney called?
- Renal capsule
- What is the triangular shaped region in the floor of the bladder?
- The trigone
- What is the external opening of the urethra called?
- The urinary meatus
- What is the cluster of capillaries in the bowman capsule?
- The Gomerulus
- What vessel carries blood into the glomerulus?
- The afferent arteriole
- What are the blood vellels that surround the loop of Henle?
- Peritubular capillaries
- What is the small coiled tube that forms urine?
- The nephron
- What section of the nephron forms a u-shaped tube?
- The loop of Henle
- Filtration occurs where?
- Between the glomerulus and the bowman capsule
- What specialized region of the kidney produces renin?
- The Juxtalomerular apparatus
- How is angiotension activated?
- By the renal enzyme renin
- By what process do substances move from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule?
- Glomerular filtration
- What does the process of tubular reabsorption involve?
- The movement of substances from the nephron into the peritubular capillaries
- The active transport of penicillian from the blood into the nephron is an example of what process?
- Tubuular secretion
- Which hormone makes the collecting duct more permeable to water?
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Inadequate production of ADH results in what disease?
- Diabetes insipidus
- What is another term for urination?
- Micturition
- How is the concentration of dissolved substances in urine indicated?
- By its specific gravity
- What is the main nitrogeneous waste material in the urine?
- Urea
- What is the presence of white blood cells in the urine known as?
- Pyuria
- What are large kidney stones that fill the renal pelvis and extend into the calyces?
- Staghorn Caliculi
- What is a dropping of the kidney known as?
- Renal ptosis
- Inflammations of the bladder that can not be treated with medications is called what?
- Interstitial cystitis
- The anemia observed in chronic renal failure reflects a deficiency of what hormone?
- Erythropoietin
- Waste products from kidney failure require products to be removed from the body how?
- By dialysis
- In the case of kidney failure, fluid within the peritoneal cavity would be changed by what process?
- Peritoneal Dialysis
- What does the word part "-cele" mean?
- Swelling, elnarged space
- What is the outter part of the kidney called?
- THe renal cortex
- What is the funnel shaped basin forming the upper end of the ureter called?
- The renal pelvis
- List a path of blood as it passes through the kidneys.
- Glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, renal vein
- Whic of the following strucutres is found in the renal medulla? Glomerulus, proximal convolutes tubule, peritubular capillaries, or the distal convoluted tubule?
- The peritubular capillaries
- Which of the following structures is not part of the nephron? Glomerulus, Loop of Henle, or the collecting duct?
- The glomerulus
- What part of the nephron drains into the loop of Henle?
- The proximal convoluted tubule
- The juxtaglomerular apparatus consits of cells in what?
- The distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole
- What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus synthesize?
- Renin
- What is the active process that moves substances from the blood into the nephron?
- Tubular secretion
- What drives materials out of the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule?
- Blood pressure
- Substances are reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubule into what?
- The peritubular capillaries
- What does antidiuretic hormone increase?
- Water reabsorption in the collecting duct
- What is the average daily urine output?
- 1 to 1.5L
- What nitrogenous waste material is normally contained in the urine?
- Urea
- What is the presence of white blood cells in the urine described as?
- Pyuria
- What is the use if shock waves to break up kidney stones known as?
- Lithotripsy
- What does inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney result in?
- Pyelonephritis
- Of the following, what can renal failure result from? Hydronephrosis, Polycystic kidney, or acute glomerulonephritis
- All of them
- Which of the following is usually not a symptom of chronic renal failure? Dehydration, Enuresis, Edema, Anema
- Enuresis
- What is the difference between dialysis and peritoneal dialysis?
- Peritoneal dialysis does not use a membrane
- What is the term for a removal of the kidney?
- Nephrectomy
- What does the word part "cyst/o" mean?
- Sac
- What does the term "pyelocystitis" mean?
- Inflammation of the renal pelvis and bladder
- What is the sac called that contains the testes?
- The scrotum
- What do the testes pass through in the abdominal cavity during embryonic development?
- Inguinal canal
- How are the testes suspended within the scrotum?
- By the spermatic cord
- Folowing meiosis, what is the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell?
- 23
- What is the reproductive organ in which a fetus develops?
- Uterus
- The ejaculatory duct is formed by the union between the duct from the seminal vessicle and what?
- The Vas
- What is the muscular layer of the uterus called?
- The myometrium
- What gland surrounds the urethra and contracts to aid ejaculation?
- The prostate gland
- What is the tube that carries the ovum to the uterus?
- The fallopian tube
- What are the lip like folds of tissue in the vulva called?
- The labia
- What is the lower narrow region of the uterus called?
- The cervix
- How are simple sugars added to semen?
- By the seminal vessicles
- Semen passes from the ejaculatory duct into what?
- The urethra
- What part of the spermatozoa produces movement?
- The flagellum
- What is the enzyme containing cap on the head of the spermatozoa called?
- Acrosome
- Which steroid is produced in significant quantities during the luteal and follicular phases?
- Estrogen
- Early development of the follicle is controlled by which pituitary hormone?
- FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
- Which sex steroid induces the development of the male secondary sex characteristics?
- Testosterone
- In males what does Luteinizing hormone stimulate?
- The activity of interstitial cells
- What do most menopausal symptoms reflect a deficiency of?
- Estrogen
- What is the normal age related cessation of menstruation that occurs in women?
- Menopause
- What is the use of artificial methods to prevent birth called?
- Contraception
- The emergency contraceptive pill consists of several doses of what hormone?
- Progesterone
- What is an x-ray study of the breast called?
- Mammogram
- What is a viral disorder characterized by blisters on and around the genital organs?
- Genital herpes
- What is inflammation of the coiled tube that stores sperm?
- Epididymitis
- What is a surgical removal of the uterus called?
- Hysterectomy
- What do the word parts "mamm/o" and "mast/o" mean?
- Breast, mammary gland
- metropathy means what?
- Disease of the uterus
- What do interstitial cells of the testes produce?
- Testesterone
- What ligaments hold the uterus in place?
- Broad ligaments
- What is the glans of the penis formed by?
- The corpus spongiosum
- The prepuce is not present in individuals who have undergone what?
- Circumcision
- What is the fold of membrane that is sometimes found bear the vaginal opening called?
- The hymen
- What coiled tube on the testes stores spermatozoa?
- The epididymis
- Of the following glands which is found in women? Greater vestibular glands, prostate gland, buukbourethral gland, ot the seminal vessicle.
- The greater vestibular gland
- What are teh labia and the clitoris a part of?
- The vulva
- What structure contributes the most liquid to semen?
- The seminal vessicles
- True or false, Semen is acidic?
- False
- What does the head of the spermatozoon contain a large amount of?
- DNA
- Where would an acromosome be found?
- In a spermatozoon
- What does menses result from?
- A decline in estrogen and progesterone
- When does the uterine proliferative phase occur?
- During the follicular phase
- When are progesterone levels the highest?
- During the secondary phase
- What does testesterone cause?
- The development of spermatozoa
- What do high levels of progesterone result in?
- A decreased level of Luteinizing hormone
- What does increased activity of the intersitial cells result in?
- A decreased luteinizing hormone secretion
- When does menopause occur?
- When the aging ovary no longer produces mature follicles
- Which birth control method affects gametogenesis?
- The birth control patch
- Which sexually transmitted infection is caused by a spirochete?
- Syphilis
- What would hysterectomy be an effective treatment for?
- Fibroids
- What is cryptorchidism?
- A testes that remains in the abdomen
- What does a pap smear test for?
- Cancer of part of the uterus
- What is mastitis?
- Inflammation of the a breast
- What does metroparalysis mean?
- Paralysis of the uterus
- Which glands contribute to secretions to semen?
- Seminal vessicles, prostate glands, and bilourethral gland
- What are the functions of semen?
- Nourish and transport spermatozoa, neutralize acidity, lubricate the reproductive tract, prevent infection