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Comparative Anatomy

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embryonic development
zygote goes from one cell to an org w/ organs
What is closest related phylum?
Hemichordata
4 diff b/w us and jellyfish (what we share with starfish)
1. Skel sys derv from mesoderm in deuterostomes, ecto in protostomes 2. spiral cleavage in proto, radial in detero 3. body cavity forms enderocoely in deutero, schizocoely in proto 4. blastopore becomes mouth in proto, anus in deutero
3 subphyla of Chordata
Urochordata, Cephalachordata, Vertebrata
Chordates + Hemichordates
"protochordates"
first fossil
Pikaia
Notochord
Slender, flexible rod, lends support Mesoderm Prominent in lamprey/shark some becomes nuleus pulposes
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
ventral in protostomes ectoderm
Pharyngeal slit
used for feeding, later respiration
Endostyle/ thyroid gland
ventral iodine metabolizing organ
Which of 5 chordate char do hemichordates have?
Pharyngeal slit
Enteropneosta
Hemichordata Proboscis, collar, trunk excrete t/ skin blood lacks pigment nervous system, no brain gonads in trunk- dioecious Tornaria larva
Pterobranch
Hemichordata colonial proboscis, collar, trunk digestive system is U-shaped
Cephalachordates
lancelets/amphioxus chordates suspension feeders lack brain, heart
Urochordates
Ascidacea- tadpole larva (all 5 char), adult (only 2 char-> endostyle and pharynegeal slit) Larvacea- all 5 char in adult Thaliciacea- free floating adult Monoecious
Synapomorphy
shared derived char
Plesiomorphy
ancestral char
synapomorphies of vertebrata
brain vertebral column head w/ paired multicellular special sense organs paired appendages kidneys neural crest cells bone division of NS into somatic vs autonomic NOTE: these things aren't necesarily unique to animal kingdom, just chordata
grade vs. clade
grade- does not imply evolution, similarities in morph clade- monophyletic (shares a common ancester)
homocercal tail vs heterocercal
homo- symmetric, teleost fish, swim bladder keeps a float hetero- asymmetrical, cartilaginous fish (sharks), keep from sinking w/ help of large oily liver
modifications to incr SA in larger
metabolism- intestines have folds, microvilli-> villi-> plicae cirrularis respiration- mammal lungs- avioli circulatory- capillary beds
Allometry
porportion changes as size changes (alien baby)
Isometry
proportion stays the same even if size changes
life history
ovum + sperm -> fertilization -> zygote -> embryoni development -> hatching/birth -> larval/ juvenile -> sexual maturity -> adult -> senescence
senescence
loss of reproductive ability and physical vigor only a few reach this - us, whales, turtles
cleavage
rapid cell division with little growth leads to blastula
extra-embryonic membranes
yolk sac amniotes also have amnion, chorion, allantois
macrolecithal
lots of yolk
mesolecithal
middle amount of yolk
microlecithal
very little yolk
isolecithal
cells in embryo divide evenly (assoc. w/ microlecithal)
telolecithal
uneven development of embryo, (assoc. w/ macrolecithal), gives polarity
ovum membranes
1. plasma membrane 2. primary egg envelope- called zona pellucida in mammals, protein layer external to cell memb 3. secondary egg envelope- layer of follicular cells, called corona radiata in humans (4)- tertiary egg envelope- produced by oviduct in some, becomes egg shell in birds+ some mammals, leathery case in sharks, albunum (jelly) in amphibians, not produced if viviparous
gestation
period of time where embryo resides w/in female's body (viviparity)
oviposition
egg-laying
parturition
giving birth to live young
lecithothophy
no contribution of female to energy needs of embryo, only yolk
matrotrophy
mother provides energy to embryo - placenta - blood -> some sharks feed directly off blood in uterus - unovulated eggs (sharks) -also see cannibalism
morula
dense mass of cells produced early during cleavage
blastula
produced by cleavage, undifferentiated/ totipotent (time when identical twins occur), hollow sphere of cells, cvity called blastocoel, cells called blastomere
holoblastic cleavage
produces sphere, even development, cells all the same size, assoc with microlecithal eggs, isolecithal eggs
meroblastic cleavage
uneven development of blastula, disk instead of sphere, macrolecithal, telolecithal
gastulation
where cell differentiation occurs, results in tissues embryo forms tube called archenteron (primative gut) -pattern is called invagination in mammals
neurolation
ectoderm (dorsal) forms neural plate beneath neural plate mesoderm becomes notochord neural plate becomes a fold, leads to nerve cord mesoderm differentiates
ectoderm -> epiderm -> ?
epidermis, mouth, cloace
ectoderm -> neural plate -> ?
nervous system
ectoderm -> neural crest ->
various
mesomere -> epimere -> ?
sclerotome (axial skeleton), dermotome (dermis), myotome (muscle)
mesomere -> mesomere -> ?
kidney and urogenital ducts
mesoderm -> hypomere -> ?
limbs, gonads, heart, mesentaries
endoderm -> foregut -> ?
pharynx, esophogus, trachea
endoderm -> midgut -> ?
stomach, liver, pancreas
endoderm -> hindgut -> ?
urinary bladder
histogenesis
differentiation of embryonic tissues
epithelium
cellular, all 3 emb tissues, free surface + basal layer, also makes glands
exocrine
glandular secretion released into duct which carries out of organ
endocrine
ductless gland, secretion released into blood stream, example is thyroid
connective tissue
specialized cells + a matrix, bone, blood, cartilage, adipose, dense formed by mesoderm
muscle
skeletal - mesoderm, generic movement cardiac - mesodern, involuntary, myogenic heart (heartbeat orig. w/in heart) smooth - involuntary muscles, peristalsis (invol. gut movement)
nervous
ectoderm only, irratability (ability to detect stimuli) and conductivity (can relay info from one tissue to another by action potentials)
yolk sac
endoderm, amniotes and anamniotes have
amnion
ectoderm, surrounds only embryo
chorion
ectoderm, outermost etraembryonic layer
allantois
endoderm, wastesite, facilitates exchange b/w embryo and blood supply in placenta
coelum
forms in hypomere divides during development in to pericardial cavity and pleuroperitoneal cavity, divided by transverse septum in mammals additional division made in pleuroperitoneal cavity into plerral and peritoneal cavities
kidneys
mesomere, develop outside body cavity in retroperitoneal
paedomorphy
juvenile char retained in the adult
heterochrony
shift in onset or timing of features of an organism in a descendant as compared to ancestor
peramorphy
adult char of ancestors become exagg. in desc.
hypermorphasis
features grow larger for a longer amount of time (results in exagg. adult traits)
acceleration
features develop faster in descendent (results in exagg. adult traits)
predisplacement
features develop earlier in development comp to ancestor
progenesis
somatic development ceases early, sexual maturity comes early - webbed feet in salamanders?
neoteny
feeatures grow at a slow rate, sexual maturity overcomes somatic development -mudpuppies?
postdisplacement
feature is offset so late in development that it never appears
Haekel's Biogenic Law
"ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"- thought we could see ancestor in embryonic development
epidermis
stratified squamous epithelium, gives rise to hair, feathers, baleen, nails, claws, beak, some scale types, outer layer of horn
dermis
dense, irregular connective tissue, inc nervous tissue, adipose, blood vessels may be glands, dermal bones
hypodermis
subutaneous layer, superficial fascia not derived from integument, cushions skin
melanocytes
produce pigment, from neural crest cells
scales
folds in integument, fish have dermal scales, reptiles have epidermal
teeth
interaction if epidermal and dermal enamel -> ameblasts -> epidermal cells dentin -> odentoblasts -> dermal cells
functions of integument
protection, barrier to microorganisms, mechanical abrasion, rich with blood, thermal regulation many verts breathe t/ skin color, camouflage, species/sexual recognition osmoregulation, controls water content of the body
layers of epidermis
periderm (outer) stratum basale (where cell division occurs) SB separated from dermis by basement membrane basement mem- basal lamina (collagen) and reticular lamina (reticular fibers), secretes protien
Horns
bony core covered in keratinized sheath Grow for life
Antlers
bony core covered in vascularized skin (velvet) shed annually
Charles Darwin
Natural selection- 1. high repro rate, 2. competition, 3. survival of the few, which survive is det by natural selection
Carlus Linnaeus
species immutable, devised system for naming plants/animals
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
species evolve toward the perfect (us), inheritance of acquired characteristics
Alfred Wallace
Also came up with natural selection, published first paper on topic with Darwin
Thomas Huxley
"Darwin's Bulldog"
Richard Owen
believed species immutable, archetypes
Georges Cuvier
parts perform a specific function, if they changed nothing would work
homology
parts share a common ancestor (ex bones in mammals)
analogy
parts have a similar function (bat wing, bird wing)
homoplasy
features look alike (stick, stickbug)
preadaption
structure or behavior existed before biological role (ex feathers existed for warmth before they were used for flight)
Age of earth
4.6 by
Paleozoic
Age of Fishes
Mesozoic
Age of Reptiles
Cenozoic
Age of Mammals
Agnathan
jawless fishes- cyclostomes -> hagfishes and lampreys
Myxinoidea
hagfish
Petromyzontida
Lampreys
Gnathostomes
jawed fished (and tetrapods)
Chondrichthyes
cartilagenous fish sharks, rays, and ratfish
Osteichthyes
bony fish
Actinopterygii
Ray-finned fishes
Sarcopterygii
fleshy-finned fishes gave rise to tetrapods lungfish, coelacanths
Lissamphibia
amphibians
Urodela
Salamanders
Anura
Frogs and toads
Gymnophiona
Caecilians
anapsid
1 temporal fenestra mammals
diapsid
2 temporal fenestrae reptiles, birds, crocs

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